Othello Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; I am non what I am. # 8221 ; An essay on Othello, inquiry No 4. I will discourse this quotation mark in relation to Lacan # 8217 ; s thoughts approximately linguistic communication as the symbolic order. My purpose is to demo how Othello finds his individuality threatened by Desdemona # 8217 ; s reaction to his narratives. In order to explicate Lacan # 8217 ; s thoughts really briefly I will cite from Pam Morris: Literature and Feminism, ( Blackwell, 1993 ) where she discusses the declaration of the Oedipal crisis. For Freud the result of the kid # 8217 ; s fright of emasculation is its entry to the world rule and hence its entry into the societal order. For Lacan this must co-occur with the kid # 8217 ; s entry into the linguistic communication system # 8230 ; ..Language is therefore the Law of the male parent ; a lingual system within which our societal and gender individuality is ever already structured. ( p. 104 ) Othello # 8217 ; s individuality in the Venetian society is his function as # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; . We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Few people use his existent name when speaking about him. When talking the given quotation mark, Othello is stating the Venetians how he won Desdemona # 8217 ; s bosom by stating her the narrative of his life, and he now retells it to the Venetians. This tale-telling is a manner of using the lingual system to reshape for himself a new individuality with more positive intensions than # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; can offer. # 8220 ; The Moor # 8221 ; is an look the Venetians connect to other looks in the lingual system which all have a negative value. Examples are such looks as # 8220 ; old black random-access memory, a Barbary Equus caballus, lewd, and a devil. # 8221 ; The negative overtone of these words will reflect back on Othello. He can # 8217 ; t alter his beginnings but he can seek to alter the intensions of # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; . He can make full the look with a new content and thereby give himself an individuality he can be more comfy with. This is what Othello is making when he is reciting his history. Othello is evidently a good storyteller ; Desdemona can # 8217 ; t acquire adequate of his narrative. Expressions like # 8220 ; earnestly incline # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; with hastiness # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; greedy ear # 8221 ; show Desdemona # 8217 ; s avidity for his storytelling. # 8220 ; And of all time # 8230 ; ./She # 8217 ; ld come once more # 8221 ; shows that this has been go oning over a period of clip without Desdemona turning tired of his narratives. The given quotation mark implies that Othello feels he has been excessively cagey for his ain benefit. Desdemona # 8217 ; s hungering for his autobiography is felt as a menace ; it may endanger his new individuality. Othello says that she would: # 8220 ; Devour up my discourse # 8221 ; . It is in this discourse that his individuality exists. If she devours up his discourse, she devours up his individuality and leaves him where he started ; as # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; . Desdemona may stand for the all-engulfing female parent of the pre-Oedipal phase. This is a phase without construction, linguistic communication or individuality, an antonym to the lingual system, the Law of the male parent. It is with a # 8220 ; greedy ear # 8221 ; she # 8220 ; devours up my discourse # 8221 ; . An ear is sometimes used to typify female genital organ and will here stress the fact T hat Othello feels the menace to be feminine. That he, through his discourse, is devoured shows that this feminine menace is all-engulfing. If Othello garbages to accept his old function as # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; he will either be without an individuality or be dragged by his self-fashioned individuality back into the pre-Oedipal phase. These options are two sides of the same coin, he will lose himself either manner. To give up one # 8217 ; s self is the same as self-destruction. Both decease and the pre-Oedipal phase are domains without linguistic communication, construction, purpose or individuality. To give manner to the one or the other will hold the same consequence for Othello ; he will no longer be a witting being. To salvage himself, Othello must acquire control over this # 8220 ; greedy ear # 8221 ; . Female gender was considered something chilling which could best be controlled through matrimony. A loose lingua was a mark of loose gender. Othello extends this impression to include Desdemona # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; greedy ear # 8221 ; . He marries Desdemona and all is good until Iago implies that Desdemona is unfaithful. Infidelity in a adult female will reflect back on her hubby. A cuckold is a pathetic figure in other people # 8217 ; s eyes. He must be earnestly missing in individual for his married woman to run after other work forces. Othello sees himself in the same state of affairs as before the matrimony. Alternatively of utilizing her ears she is now utilizing her gender to destruct the individuality he has built up for himself. I have already pointed out how ears and gender are connected in Othello # 8217 ; s head. Either manner the consequences are the same for Othello # 8217 ; s individuality. He sees his positive image of himself stealing off: # 8220 ; Farewell the plumy military personnels and the large wars/ That makes aspiration virtuousness! # 8230 ; .Farewell: Othello # 8217 ; s business # 8217 ; s gone. # 8221 ; ( III, three, 352-353+360 ) The one manner to command this menace is to passivize Desdemona wholly by killing her. He realizes excessively late the consequence this action will hold on his ain state of affairs. She was the lone individual who would accept the individuality he had been looking. He even had troubles believing in it himself, which made him an easy victim for Iago. So when he killed Desdemona he killed the positive image of himself. The individual he saw as a menace to his individuality was the merely individual who really sustained it. Because he had such troubles in believing in himself he found it impossible that anybody else should make so. This insecurity proves his undoing. His positive self-image gone, he is left a pick between # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; or void. The minute Emilia realizes Othello is the liquidator she reverts to naming him looks connected to the negative image of # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; : # 8220 ; And you the blacker Satan! # 8230 ; thou art a devil. # 8221 ; ( V, two, 129, 131 ) He can # 8217 ; t base being this individual, the lone one society and the symbolic order can offer him. To build his ain individuality has proven impossible. To be without an individuality, a non-personn implies decease. He chooses to liberate himself of this unwanted individuality by stepping out of the societal order and the linguistic communication system by agencies of self-destruction.

Process Analysis Case Study

Process Analysis Case Study Process Analysis Case Study Process Analysis Case Study: Let Us Cope with It In order to start writing your process analysis case study, it is essential to get acquainted with the notion of case study first. Thus, if you do not know what case study is, you are welcome to read its definition and a brief explanation of the notion of case study below. Case study is a method of research widely used in social science. The main aim if this very case study is to define the main principles of the notion. This method is considered to be the most effective one in collecting information at some definite subject and analyzing this very subject. After you have understood what case study is, it is a high time to pass to the process analysis case study itself. Process Analysis Case Study Writing Can Be Interesting Process analysis case study is a rather interesting assignment to accomplish, as it helps you not only to get acquainted with the process of something in all the details, but also to perceive the underlying pr inciples of it. You see it is not simple at all to cope with process analysis case study if you are trying to do it on your own. However, if to get some useful help at the matter of process analysis case study writing, it is possible to manage coping with process analysis case study. At this point, the question arises: where to find this very process analysis case study help. Well, if you are reading this article it means that you have almost found what you have been looking for. Our custom essay writing is here to help you with your process analysis case study writing. If you visit our site, you will find all the necessary information to complete your process analysis case study assignment successfully. Process analysis case study topics, process analysis case study theses, process analysis case study ideas, and process analysis case study samples are waiting for you in order to help you with your work. All this information is offered to you free of charge as we really take care a bout our customers and want to help them a great deal. Rely On Professionalism Of Our Writers! If you either do not have time or just do not have a desire to write your process analysis case study on your own, you can appeal to our professional writers and order your process analysis case study. The piece of academic writing you are going to receive will be of the premium quality in spite of being offered to you for the moderate price.

Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished in Malaysia

Capital punishment is a death sentence awarded for capital offences where in the criminal provisions consider such persons as a gross danger or threats to the existence of the society. As the merge of human rights associations, this punishment is strictly opposed for its cruelty and this has been a global debate for some years. In Malaysia, this punishment is proudly held in the law and until today, executions are being held. It is a great shame as all members of the United Nation were already called to Join the moratorium of death penalty (Amnesty International, 2007). Many countries have abandoned capital punishment and Malaysia should do the same as it is inappropriate, cruel and it does not help the society in any ways. It is inappropriate for today as clearly, it is incongruent with what Malaysia is aiming for. The aim is to be a fully developed country and to be one Malaysia has to fulfil all challenges which one of it is to be a fully caring society (Razak, 2010). Putting an end to ones life does not define caring at all. Even though the punishment has been practised in almost every society, many have abandoned the punishment and ore are in favour of abolishing it (Caroline Sculler, 2010). If the policy is as such, then the government is at the same footing as the murderers (Stevenson, 1993). As death penalty is final, those criminals will also be deprived from the opportunity to change and the true causes of crimes will not be figured out Ooseph A. Melusky, 2003). Thus, when Justice is hurried, Justice is buried too. This clearly shows that we have no mercy and for a society that values human rights, Justice and mercy, there should be no death penalty at all (Ragunath Kesavan, 2010). To punish does not mean having to do it cruelly. The world has decides that death penalty is inhuman and degrading punishment which also constitutes a torture (Caroline Sculler, 2010). Inevitably, there are risks in executing innocent people such as cases of drug trafficking involving people who were fooled by so-called Job agencies (The Star Online, 2010). It is very unjust to prosecute innocent lives. What is more, The United Nation disapproves capital punishment as it is contrary to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Malaysias excuse was that, Malaysia is not ne of the signatories of Committees Against Torture (CAT) and International Convention of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and so, Malaysia is not bound to any of their aims (Eldridge, 2002). Malaysia has shown how barbaric the nation is and the reality of death penalty is that it is hypocritical as lives cannot be traded like commodities. To replace belongings or things is acceptable, but to kill, it is cruel (Stevenson, 1993). What more to grieve is, capital punishment does not deter crimes and it does not help the society. It shows no positive result in decreasing violent crime rates (Caroline Sculler, 2010). Death penalty actually promotes crimes. When our government approves on taking ones life, its a symbolic to vengeance. Thus, victims because a clean break is not that frightening. Having the thought of being locked up in a room for the whole life is scarier. For drug-trafficking offences, there is also no evidence that the punishment helps (Human Rights Watch, 2009). It is not only useless, but it obscures the true causes of crime too. Knowing the causes of crimes is hat matters the most and by executing, this disallows research on them and will consequently blind us forever. Hence, the aim of deterring crime will never be achieved. Common arguments and beliefs of why Malaysia should continue capital punishment are of Justice, deterrent and retribution. On Justice, an execution is said to bring closure to the criminal and closure to the ordeal for the victims family. Of deterrent, capital punishment is taken as a tool to scare potential criminals as it is hoped that they will think twice before breaking the law for fear of losing their lives. And of retribution, the taking of criminals life allows society to show convincingly that certain crimes will not be tolerated. However in reality, if criminals have made up their minds to commit crimes, having the mens rea to do any, the punishments will never be taken in considerations. Plus, it is not the best deterrent tool as there is no exact statistic showing the decrease of crime rate for which the death penalty is mandatory (Ragunath Kesavan, 2010). To continue this law is to show how decadent the nation is. Malaysia has more moral based policies, but still, why is this legal? Australias previous Prime Minister, Hawke, have mentioned capital punishment as barbaric by seeing Malaysias policy. And that was insulting (Eldridge, 2002). Killing in any form victimizes all human kinds. Killing will never solve problems and killing will further brings great destructions. The world has decides that the punishment is cruel and let us stand with others. We pride ourselves for being a caring society and let us show to the world that we are. Capital punishment should be abolished as it proves nothing but the act of barbarism.

Stratgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stratgy - Essay Example The available work force and resources is the most essential asset to attain the set objectives (Trapczynski & Thomas, 91). Therefore, the company focus on preserving the health and safety of employees remains a crucial part in every phase of the business operations. The aim of the memo is to provide a strategy plan for the company to the CEO for one and ten years’ time. The company has been operational for a few years and has managed to attain tremendous progress. Establishing a memo to the CEO,that highlight the company’s strategic plan for one and ten years’ time will provide an essential blue print forplanning future global operations. Colorado Company’s international goal: To reach a diverse market segment and become a dominant leader in the fast growing Applied Control Equipment industry Strategy 1:Colorado Company to attain the set global plan of gaining a diverse market segment will require more resource allocation within china and other targeted a reas abroad. In one year, the company will require to open up new branches locally in China to attain its set goals. The business environment in China is appealing to investors due to existing and emerging opportunities. The company opening up new branches will provide a platform for increasing returns. The company to attain maximum possible returns would need to employ business strategies that align to the prevailing competitive forces. This will ensure Colorado Company optimizes on the existing opportunities to attain its potential. The company strengthening its position locally in the Chinese market would be an added advantage of expanding globally. The Chinese business environment is diverse thus capturing the wide market segment will guarantee maximum exploitation of the existing opportunities. Different business environments have varying traditions and culture. The company carrying out studies regarding the safety practices, as well as, priorities in the different markets will be pivotal in designing effective business practices. China offers a diverse market hence easier to emulateothermarkets abroad. In one year, the company needs to have penetrated the local market through business practices that align to the prevailing conditions. The company capturing a significant market share would guarantee more revenue for expansion purpose. The company has a culture of creating products that relate to the various business environments. This is an advantage for a company operating on a global level, as it can attract customers from different heritages that still recognize their roots (Trapczynski & Thomas, 99). In ten years’ time, the company will have established itself in both local and global market for it would have understood the diverse cultures. Objective 1: To attain a significant market share both locally and globally. Understanding the different business cultures in the emerging market will be crucial in employing relevant business practices tha t would enhance the potential of the company. In one year, the company needs to strengthen its position locally to enhance its potential. This will provide an appropriate platform for expanding globally over the next ten years period to increase its market share. Strategy 2: Colorado Company creating competitive advantage features through employing an innovative strategy to enhance product quality and customer satisfaction. The success of the company is based on a production

Audit related issues facing Groupon company Assignment

Audit related issues facing Groupon company - Assignment Example The interested customers then purchase the coupons electronically using their credit cards or paypal which they present in those restaurants. The firm has experienced tremendous growth since its inception with expansion in over five hundred markets in about forty seven countries worldwide. In the first year of its establishment, it managed to receive revenue worth $15 million which had never been witnessed by other players in the same industry (Garner, 2008). However, it has began to experience numerous challenges including a significant drop in the price of its shares in the New York Stock exchange market after its Initial Public Offer (IPO) in the year 2011 in the month of November. Stiff competition from its major competitors such Google and LivingSocial have further pushed down the pre-tax profits of Groupon. These firms quickly adopted the techniques used by Groupon and have since emerged stronger than it. Current problems experienced by Groupon can be traced to internal control failures according to the Chicago Tribune dated September 24th 2013. Internal control failures After registering low revenue than expected in its third quarter financial report, the management of the firm admitted to weak system of internal controls as the main cause of the decline in revenue. The admission was made to the United States Security and Exchange Commission (S.E.C) as they sought to explain their untimely report. The true picture of the firm was revealed after an external audit was conducted by Ernest & Young who revealed serious internal control failures over financial reporting. The company’s spokeswoman also blamed the poor internal controls for being the cause of lack of accuracy in the accounts. The company experienced a number of failures which led to a decrease in the earnings per share of its stock from 12 cents per share to 8 cents per share. As the company expanded, many internal control initially set up were not followed accordingly. Some specific inte rnal control failures include inability to regulate the percentage discounts on each coupon as the demand for its services increased (Graham, 2011). The firm failed to monitor its sales as well as to keep track of its financial records. Some coupons could be sold at a loss leading to insufficient funds for the firms operations. Some firms terminated their contracts with Groupon as its shares began to decrease in value leading to a decline in its customer base. Before its Initial Public Offer, the firm introduced new protocols in its accounting procedures in a bid to paint an attractive picture to its prospective investors without checking the new system’s accuracy and reliability. In that case, there was no smooth transition between the old and the new accounting protocols and as a result some old systems were still in use. Specific solution There are several steps that the auditors of Groupon would have taken in order to avoid such failures in the internal control systems. F irst, there was a need to involve all stakeholders including its customers, shareholders and employees so as to seek their opinion before introducing any change in the internal controls. This would have assisted in improving and maintaining the trust of its employees and customers thus contributing in making them feel part of the firm. The main challenge with this approach is that it requires a lot of time to undertake as well as resources (Whittington, 2012). The second approach is to adopt the use external and more independent auditors after the internal auditors have done their part. This is however costly but a firm in the

Industrial Raw Materials Resources Essay Example for Free

Industrial Raw Materials Resources Essay Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Considering Political problems and Economic growth and Development of the Country, The Nuclear Power Plant should be the most appropriate for Nigeria. Due to the factors above, and concentrating on the abundance of Natural Resources of the Country (presence of Natural water bodies), I’ll recommend for Nigeria, the Hydropower as source of energy. This is due to the fact that construction of newer Dams in specific locations with higher Water bodies will bring about job opportunity, Encouragement of Agriculture (in the area of irrigation), Fish rearing amongst others. And also, low cost of maintenance, compared to nuclear power Plants. HOW TO GENERATE HYDROPOWER ENERGY Hydro-electricity, or hydro-power, is usually generated by turbines in a dam in a river. The dam means that a great body of water builds up in the river valley behind the dam. This is released through the turbines when electricity is needed. Smaller than dams are barrages across the mouths of rivers which capture water from high tides and release it to generate electricity. Smaller still are turbines in river and tidal streams which do the same thing. MODE OF OPERATION According to Wood and Wollenberg (1996) and Batut and Renaud (1992), the complexity of hydropower plant operation is so high that so far there are no unique principles devised for their management that could be applicable in  all situations. The reasons for that are: The inflow of water into hydropower plants depends upon a series of parameters that are difficult to forecast, so the plants have to adapt quickly to the actual situation, Water is a resource that is not used only for electricity generation, but also for water supply, melioration and other purposes, Hydropower plant operation is coupled with numerous limitations related to the environmental protection, valuable objects in the vicinity of the storages and Watercourses etc. The role of hydropower plants in the electricity generation and transmission system often dictates their dynamic operation (relatively frequent starts and shutdowns of their operation). The main source of uncertainty in planning of development of an electricity generation and Transmission system is the stochastic nature of availability of the units in thermal-power plants, as well as the water inflow into hydropower plants. The value of 95% is assumed as the limit for the probability of the fulfillment of the demanded electricity generation plan, because the design of an electricity generation and transmission system that would have the probability of fulfillment of electricity generation plan equal to 100%, would be economically unjustified, (Milić, 2000). The greatest influence upon the fulfillment of the electricity generation plan has the usable discharge of the water flow, while the key factors regarding the fulfillment of the Demands related to power are rated discharge, head and, particularly, the size of the hydropower plant storage. Hydropower plants also have a great significance regarding the attaining of a stable operation of the electricity generation and transmission system. This is valid particularly for the formation of the operating reserve (covering of all non-planned ceases of electricity generation in the system before the start of the cold reserve) and a part of the cold reserve (covering of longer non-planned ceases of operation of the thermal-power plant units) in the system. ADVANTAGES †¢Does not depend on costs of uranium, oil, or other fuels †¢Pollution is rarely created †¢It doesnt require as many employees †¢It can be set up in many sizes †¢Stations can operate and run for long periods of time †¢Reduces greenhouse emissions †¢Relatively low maintenance costs †¢Can be used throughout the world †¢It is renewable †¢Hydroelectricity produces no gas emissions or waste. †¢Hydroelectric stations are inexpensive to operate. †¢Makes barely any pollution compare to other ways of creating electricity †¢Hydroelectric power is one of the most responsive (easy to start and stop) of any electric power generating source. †¢The conversion of the forces of water to electric energy can be up to 90 percent efficient. †¢Hydroelectric power produces no chemical or waste heat pollution. †¢Hydroelectric power plants require little maintenance. †¢Reservoir lakes can be used for recreation, and can provide considerable flood protection to downstream areas. †¢Groundwater reserves are increased by recharging from reservoirs. †¢Plants usually have an expected life span two to three times longer than conventional thermal power plants. †¢Hydroelectric installations can be used to breed fish and other aquatic products †¢It is more reliable than solar and wind power because water can be stored and there is more of it, more often. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at constant rate. †¢If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is high. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the water is released to produce electricity. †¢Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of electricity for many years / decades. †¢The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports  and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right. †¢The lakes water can be used for irrigation purposes. †¢When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green house gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere. DISADVANTAGES †¢High investment costs †¢Dependent on precipitation †¢Sometimes messes up wildlife †¢Loss of fish species †¢Change in river or stream quality †¢Cost for construction †¢Hydroelectric power production require flooding of entire valleys and scenic areas. †¢Disrupts natural seasonal changes in he river, and ecosystems can be destroyed. †¢Ends flooding that help to clean out the silt in rivers, causing them to clog (Energy Laboratory). †¢The silt that usually flows down to the Beaches and Estuaries is block by the dam. †¢Studies show that the plant decay caused downstream of major dams produces as many greenhouse gasses as more conventional methods of producing electricity. †¢Dams are expensive to build, and due to drought may become useless, or produce much less power than originally planned. †¢A dam being build in Quebec will end up flooding an area as large as Switzerland (Energy Laboratory). †¢Dams can break in a massive flash flood †¢Construction costs of large-scale hydroelectric projects are high. †¢Damming rivers causes changes in ecological cycles and surrounding landscapes; self-regulating ecosystems are changed into ones that must be managed. †¢Sedimentation can progressively curtail a dams ability to store water and generate energy. †¢There are a limited number of feasible sites for large dams. †¢Damming can cause loss of land suitable for agriculture and recreation. †¢Drought can affect power production. †¢River channels downstream from dams are more susceptible to erosion. †¢A disadvantage of hydroelectric power stations is that it destroys wildlife and habitats of any creatures living in the area. †¢Dams are extremely  expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard. †¢The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to become profitable. †¢The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed. †¢People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead. †¢The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earths surface at its location. †¢Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding. †¢Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems between neighboring countries. †¢Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. E.g., the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from rising damp caused by the changing water table level. †¢Hydropower dams can damage the surrounding environment and alter the quality of the water by creating low dissolved oxygen levels, which impacts fish and the surrounding ecosystems. They also take up a great deal of space and can impose on animal, plant, and even human environments. †¢Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Downstream fish passage is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine. CONCLUSION. Hydropower as a renewable Energy, which can be built and also comes with a low level of maintenance and with the presence of water bodies as a Natural resource of Nigeria, it is advisable to have more and encourage construction  of Dams for Hydropower Energy.

Date Rape :: essays research papers

How many of you know someone who has had something stolen from them? How many of you know someone who has been held at gunpoint? How many of you know someone who has been date raped? You might and not even know about it. In 1985, Mary Koss, a professor at Kent State University, surveyed approximately 7,000 students on thirty-two campuses on behalf of Ms. magazine and found that one in eight women were the victims of rape. Experts estimate that as many as 90 percent of all rapes are never reported. But When you hear the word "rape," what do you think of? If you imagine a stranger jumping out of the bushes on a dark night and attacking someone, you are only partly right--because most rapes are not committed by strangers but by men who know their victims, who often have gone out with them previously and are supposedly their friends. Acquaintance rape is forced, unwanted intercourse with a person you know. It can be that cute neighbor, the blind date your friend set you up with, even your husband of boyfriend. The fact is, if you said no, it’s rape. Date rapes typically occur when a woman is alone with a man. If you go to a man's room or apartment or even get into his car alone, you are vulnerable. Date rapes can occur when others are relatively close by; for example, they can take place in an upstairs bedroom while fifty people are attending a party on the first floor. Alcohol and drugs are sometimes a significant factor in date rape. Many victims say later that they drank too much or took too many drugs to realize what was going on; by the time they realized their predicament, it was too late. Sometimes a woman passes out and awakens to find a man having sex with her. On the other hand, some date rapes occur when alcohol is not involved or when the victim has had little or nothing to drink but the man has been drinking and becomes sexually aggressive. Mixed signals are another element in date rape. The woman acts in a friendly manner; the man interprets this friendliness as an invitation to have sex. "No" is heard as "maybe" and even a strong protest can be ignored under the delusion that women say "no" when they mean "yes." Some men find it sexually exciting to have a woman struggle. If the woman protests only mildly, the man may think he is merely "persuading" her, not forcing her to have sex (He may think the

With reference to the case law on direct effect, critically discuss the extent to which this concept (direct effect) is an effective means of protecting an individual’s European Union Law rights.

Introduction Direct effect seeks to ensure that the rights of individuals are being protected under EU Law[1]. This is not always achievable since EU Law is generally only directly effective against national authorities. As such, individuals cannot usually invoke EU Law against other individuals unless the EU Law provisions are horizontally directly effective. This suggests that the concept of direct effect is not that effective in protecting an individual’s European Union Law rights. In light of recent case law, the courts are now using vertical direct effect as a way of invoking EU Law by demonstrating that the provisions give effect to general principles of EU law. This essay will critically discuss the extent to which individual rights are being protected by reviewing the case law in this area. European Union Law Parliamentary sovereignty renders Parliament the most supreme legal authority in the UK. The courts are unable to overrule any decisions made by Parliament and no Parliament is capable of passing laws that future Parliaments will be unable to change[2]. Since the UK’s entry into the European Union (EU) in 1972 and the implementation of the Human Rights Act 1998, the sovereignty of parliament has been significantly weakened. This is primarily due to the fact that EU Law has direct effect under the European Communities Act 1972. EU Law can be used to dis-apply acts of parliament and overturn previous decisions[3]. This protects individual rights by allowing them to use the direct effect principle to invoke EU Law. The principle of direct effect confers rights on individuals which all Member States must recognise and enforce and although the principle is not explicitly provided for under any of the Treaties of the EU, it has been recognised through various case law such as Van Ge nd en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration[4]. Here, it was made clear that in the event of a confliction between EU Law and national legislation, EU Law will always prevail. This decision recognised for the first time that the supremacy of the EU would always be upheld through the principle of direct effect. Direct Effect The decision in Van Gend en Loos focused upon the rights of individuals against the state and not against other individuals. This issue was subsequently addressed in Defrenne v SABENA[5] when it was noted that there exists two different types of direct effect; vertical and horizontal. The distinction between the two would depend upon the person or entity the right was being enforced against. Vertical direct effect is concerned with the relationship between EU Law and national law, whilst horizontal direct effect is concerned with the relationship between individuals[6]. It was identified in the case that if a particular provision of EU Law is horizontally directly effective, then individuals will be able to rely upon that provision to enforce EU Law against another individual. Although this is necessary in ensuring that the rights of individuals are being protected by all, there are only limited EU Law provisions that are horizontally directly effective. The rights of individuals may still be violated by other individuals and companies. This shows that the principle of direct effect may not always be an effective means of protecting an individual’s EU Law rights. Consequently, the principle is only effective when it comes to EU regulations and is not that effective when trying to enforce directives. This is due to the fact that directives are not generally given horizontal direct effect. The lack of directives that have horizontal direct effect was identified by AG Jacobs in Nicole Vaneetveld v Le Foyer SA[7] when he argued that there would exist greater legal certainty and a more coherent system â€Å"if the provisions of a Directive were held in appropriate circumstances to be directly enforceable against individuals†. Arguably, because directives do not always have horizontal direct effect, it cannot be said that the rights of individuals are being fully protected under EU law as violations can still occur. In Van Duyn v Home Office[8] the courts made it clear that vertical direct effect would apply to Directives if â€Å"individuals were prevented from taking it into consideration as an element of Community law†. In addition, it is declared under Article 249 EC (now Art 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) that Directives should be binding upon Member States, though the decision is left for the courts to decide based upon the particular facts and circumstances of the case. Individuals thus have the ability to invoke Directives before the courts, yet their rights cannot always be guaranteed. Furthermore, if the Directive is â€Å"sufficiently clear and precise, unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation†[9] it is unlikely that the courts will be able to make a decision by weighing up the particular circumstances of the case. Only if a Directive is not sufficiently precise and deemed unworkable by the court, will national authorities be able to intervene. Essentially, it is evident that direct effect will not always apply to directives and as asserted by Tovey; â€Å"some policy decisions needed to be developed and articulated for Directives to be accorded direct effect†[10]. In Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching)[11] it was held that a Directive cannot be directly enforceable against individuals, however in Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein[12] it was signified that because Directives imposed obligations which were to achieve a desired result, they could be directly effective. Moreover, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratt[13] it was stated that Directives would not have direct effect if Member States had not implemented the Directive within the time allowed for its implementation. The conflicting case law decisions in this area are likely to cause confusion as to whether directives are capable of having direct effect, though it seems as though the decision will be made on a case by case basis. W hether this limits the protections under EU Law is likely as the provisions will not always be able to be invoked. Recent case law surrounding the direct effect of EU Law has prompted even more confusion. This is because, whilst the courts have made many attempts to reject extending horizontal direct effect to directives (Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl[14]), it is now questionable whether this is still the case since the decisions of Mangold v Helm[15] and Kucukdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG[16]. Individuals EU Law Rights In Mangold the court held that national courts were under a duty to adopt the provisions of a Directive and set aside conflicting national law even if the time limit for transposition had not yet expired. It seemed that a new principle was being established by the court as Directives were originally only capable of having direct effect after the transposition date. In Kucukdeveci it was held that although Directives did not have horizontal direct effect, they were not prepared to apply national legislation as this would infringe the individuals rights under EU Law. Instead, it was found that the principle of non-discrimination was a general principle of EU Law and that the national court was therefore under a duty to dis-apply national legislation that violated this principle. This case seemed to suggest that even when a directive is not horizontally directive effective, an individual can still invoke EU Law against another individual by applying the general principles of EU Law. The court in Re Honeywell[17] questioned whether the Mangold decision was ultra vires, yet because age discrimination fell within the competencies of EU Law, it was found that no new competencies had been created. Consequently, whilst it generally depends upon the nature of the case as to whether direct effect will be applicable, it is capable of being used as an effective means of protecting an individual’s rights whether this be via horizontal or vertical direct effect. The case law in this area suggests that if a Directive gives effect to general principles of EU law, national legislation which conflicts with the Directive must be dis-applied by national courts. Conclusion In light of recent case law decisions, the protection that is being afforded to individuals under EU Law is now more effective through the principle of direct effect than it ever was. Previously, if an EU Law provision did not have horizontal direct effect, individuals could not invoke EU Law against another individual such as their employer. This resulted in discriminatory treatment and prevented individuals from relying upon their rights under EU Law. Since Mangold and Kucukdeveci, individuals will be capable of invoking Directives that give effect to general principles of EU law against other individuals. Bibliography Text Books Alina Kaczorowska, European Union Law (Routledge 2013). John Fairhurst, Law of the European Union (Pearson Education, 2010). Lorna Woods and Phillipa Watson, Textbook on EU Law, (12th Edn, Oxford University Press, 2014). Nigel Foster, Foster on EU Law (OUP Oxford 2011) 219. Online Journal Articles Gwyn Tovey, ‘European Union Law’ (2011) EU Law and National Law, accessed 02 December 2014. Parliament, ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty’ (UK Parliament) accessed 01 December 2014 Case Law Defrenne v SABENA Case 2/74 [1974] ECR 631 Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein Case 9/70, [1970] ECR 825 Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl Case 91/92 [1995] All ER (EC) 1 Kucukdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG [2010] All ER (EC) 867) Mangold v Helm [2006] All ER (EC) 383 Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723 Nicole Vaneetveld v Le Foyer SA Case 316/93, [1994] ECR 1-793 290 Pubblico Ministero v Ratt Case 148/78, [1979] ECR 1629 Re Honeywell [2011] 1 CMLR 1067 Van Gend en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration [1963] ECR 1

How Attitude Roles in Decision Making Essay

Before I can talk about the play role between attitude and buying decision process, let’s look at the definition of attitude first. Attitude is a relationship link between feeling and believes or a consumer’s thoughts and the response action. We can say that attitude is something that is in the people’s mind and the thought of a consumer’s openness towards the information received by each individual. The information received can be both positive and negative. As we can all see that attitude comprise of consumer’s thought which has an effect on the feeling and that feeling will express through the consumer’s acting. Now let’s see what it is means by decision making process. It is a process of choosing one or another way from all of the alternatives that a consumer has considered with. Normally, the final decision making would be the best and the most suitable alternative which helps consumer reaches their objective. Attitude is the important internal factor that shapes an individual choice. In addition, there are three factors that will lead to consumer’s behavior, which are predisposing factors, enabling factors and reinforcing factors. Predisposing factors comprise of knowledge, beliefs, values, cultures and, of course, attitude, which I will focus on. Moreover, attitude can be form by many ways. It may be through the learning process, the ability to distinguish the differences (which one is good or bad), imitate from others and experienced for each individual. These three factors influence a consumer’s behavior and it also effect the decision making of that particular consumer. For example, consumer has experienced that the expensive things always come together with the better quality products. And he believed in what is actually has happened to him in the past, called the cognitive component. So whenever he recognized the problem, like he want to buy a new bag (an opportunity recognition) and try to search for all the alternatives he is willing to buy or interested in, you will find out that all the alternatives are all the brand name bags with the high price. In another situation, a consumer may imitate an attitude of â€Å"being fat means ugly† from friends and society around her. So it may leads to the decision making by she is starting to recognize the problem by thinking that she is too fat and will classify herself as ugly person, called an affective component. Then what she will try to do next is the information search, both internal and external, about how she can reduce her weight and so on. So you can see that an attitude of a consumer, even though it comes from your society around you, can influence an individual’s decision making process easily. The function of attitudes may also role in the decision making process because it helps consumes to cope with their environments. One of the five functional theories of attitudes is social-adjustment function, which is a function occur when a society make an adjustment about something and it leads an individual consumer to develop the attitude toward it. For example, nowadays people are more concerned about the environmental in our society

Service Sequence Essays

Service Sequence Essays Service Sequence Essay Service Sequence Essay Hospitality Training Consultant in a Fine Dining Restaurant Learning Objectives On the completion of this chapter, you will have a good understanding of the following: 0 The sequence of dining room table service from welcoming to bidding guest goodbye 0 The bussing service Introduction the objective of food service procedure is to meet the needs of the guests and to ensure that their dining experience are both pleasurable and memorable. Food service procedures vary Whether an establishment offers different style of service, modern or its own service is of little importance; what matters is that the venue is consistent in the services it offers. Redder of Service Los a sequential checklist of services from the arrival to the departure of the guest. It will differ in detail depending on the style of the establishment and the services it offers. Checklist of Service OH written checklist of service ensures the consistency of the services offered and acts as a guideline to part time and new waiting staff. Delivering Excellence Service in the Restaurant Front of House Perfect service is showcasing attention to detail. Greeting Welcoming Guest 0 Ensure that the restaurant is ready for service. 0 Welcome guest to the outlet. 0 Ask guest preference (smoking or non-smoking) Acknowledge new guests as soon as they arrive. 0 Walk towards guest, smile and make eye contact 0 Approach the guest with appropriate welcome e. G Good Morning! If they wish to eat, ask whether they have a reservation. Check the reservation. If no table has been booked, check that one is available. 0 Guide guest to table preference. Greeting Welcoming the guest 0 When checking the reservation, note that the hosts name usually table have been reserved in the hosts name. It is important to establish who the host is. 0 Be open, friendly and respectful Good morning/afternoon/evening madam/sir, welcome to Locale! May I suggest a table for you? (Guests are led to their table) This way, please (If the guest has reservation) We have prepared a pleasant table for you Mr. / . This way please MS. Seating Guest Assist in seating Guests: Ladies first starting with the oldest and continue working clockwise. Men second starting with the oldest man and continue working clockwise Host last if known. Escort the guests to their appropriate table Pull out the chair and assist Guest to sit by pushing the chair closer to the table. Encourage them to sit. Continue personalized conversation with your Guests. Will this table be all right for you madam / Draping Napkin in Guests Lap 0 Pick up the napkin with your right hand from the guests right. 0 Unfold the napkin from its fold into a triangle Using both hands fold the napkin halfway and place from your Guests left side reaching across your Guest with your right arm.

Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense in Court proceedings Research Paper

Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense in Court proceedings - Research Paper Example An officer is just as a common citizen and should be charged, convicted and punished as any other person. But what if an officer is terminated? Is that punishment enough or more punishment is needed? These big questions have put law enforcement officers in to pressure since they are unable to produce answers to these questions. Many departments in the country have been influenced by the court orders and court decisions that have significant roles when it comes to decision making, serious debates and not forgetting long court wars with the labour organizations revolving around the issue of expectations in policy and disciplinary actions. Keywords: law enforcement officer, punishment, court orders, policy, disciplinary actions This paper has an equitable chance of disclosing the right decisions on law enforcement officers who have been untruthful in the workplace. Reasons for convicting the officer are given herein while reasons for termination only are also produced. The main article revolves around how an officer should be dealt with when he/she does a wrong thing at the work place. Should he/she be terminated only or should he be terminated and punished alongside other punishment? With this questions acting as the main research questions, the paper give satisfied points and decisions on an officer who is supposed to be judged because of his/her wrong doing. The officer is charged with allegations saying that he/she misused the office computers by accessing pornographic media while at work. First he denies such allegations but with further investigation, the same officer is charged with another allegation that his password was used to access unauthorised websites. This time the officer accepts the allegation put against him and begs for forgiveness. With this criminal activity in mind, the paper gives the right decision to be imposed on the officer alleged and also it gives the reasons why the officer was put under such punishment (Maryland, 1963, 83). The U.S justice department has produced necessary instructions on the conduct of the federal law enforcement case which may have local and state police employees involved. This local and state police may have records of untruthfulness in the workplace thus subjected to the instructions provided by the U.S justice department. Several publications including magazines such as the police chief magazine and others have published articles posing discussions on such matters of breaking law. This has led to a number of enforcement departments to provide instructive procedures and rules regarding such matters. Some of these procedures have been published and posted on notice boards and work places. Such publications may include: do not watch or download pornographic movies. But with these signs around the work places, the mission of stopping such criminal activities have not stopped nor reduced at all thus court orders are employed at such situations. If such incidences are to be stopped then some m ethods should be done. The following are the revolutionary methods for stopping such criminal activities. First credibility is essential in the working place. It is noticed that dilemmas in ethical issues have led to serious problems to many professionals over a long period of time. However, those who pay attention to such issues are very few than those who do involve law enforcement officers. Law enforcement

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Assignment - Essay Example The better looking components of the GDP were housing, business investments in software and equipment and increased consumer spending. Consumer spending is a key element for the betterment of the economythis year as seen it augmented at a 2.2% rate as compared to 1.6% in the third quarter. This was most probably because the personal income had increased by 2.8 percent in December 2012 (bea.gov) 1c. According to the Federal Reserve officials the downfall in economic growth in the fourth quarter of 2012 seems to be mainly due to ‘weather-related disturbances and various other temporary factors. However budget tightening is also a leading factor in the economic fall this quarter such as military spending that went down at a rate of 22.2% (Mitchell, 2013). The situation is likely to move towards betterment as the consumers are becoming more confident as prices of homes is increasing which gives them a feeling of security. As companies in the U.S invest more in equipment and software and consumers spending power growing, the economic situation might get better in 2013. 1d. The U.S economy was in trough in 2009 but it seems now that currently it is just about to enter the expansion phase. With the all the positive energy of the economy experts and their hopes up we might just see a bright future after all. 2b. There have been many reasons for the increase in value of Euro. People are now much relaxed about the death of the currency as the crisis no longer seems to be a threat so investors are not selling the currency in exchange for the dollar. As the U.S economy seems to topple as seen in the fourth quarter of 2012, the Euro has gained strength since the report. 2c. An ascending Euro is very useful for the Euro zone countries for obvious reasons such as a strong economy. There also a disadvantage to a strong Euro; as the currency ascends it threatens the export industry as the trading partners find it over expensive. For more developed countries the