Development Of A Child And Adult - 1552 Words

Teaching is necessary to educate children and adults in order to open a wider world and understanding. However, everyone takes in educational concepts differently and all adults and children have different speeds in which they develop. This concept leads to a few proposed theories which were studied by Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget in the early 20th century, possibly changing the way educators and psychologists viewed the development of a child and adult although their work did not receive light until recently. Between these educators, there are theories which are effective and some that are not, arising many criticisms. Nevertheless, the changes made as a result of these theories are studied through the scenario of Mr. Gino and Mrs. Van by†¦show more content†¦Gino is a secondary teacher who recently had the chance to observe the learning environment of Mrs. Vans primary school class. After these observations, he realised the importance of some elements such as engaging the students in class. As shown above and in Piaget’s theory, although group work can be important, independent learning must also be in place for children to learn. An example of this is assimilation, where students gain new knowledge and experience from their past mistakes building upon their preexistent schemas. As these schemas adapt to new knowledge over time, they evolve and it is stored in their long – term memory. However, Vygotsky, on the other hand, mentioned that in order to educate someone it must happen in small groups with one better performing student indicating the importance of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (Vygotsky, 1978). The ZDP is the difference between a child’s actual development level and potential development level, undertaken by a child performing tasks with assistance from a more knowledgeable/capable peer or teacher (Duchesne McMaugh, 2016). This notion is both effective on the social and cognitive development of a young child as the theory of play is also interconnected, helping the child to develop. The ZPD is very closely intertwined with the indication of scaffolding where teachers or others provide support towards the learner in order to enable a task to be completed successfully by adjusting to theShow MoreRelatedThe Development And Growth Of A Child Into Their Adult Years2510 Words   |  11 Pagesproposals, in regards to what they believe affects the development and growth of a child into their adult years. Three of these successful theorists include: Erik Erikson, Daniel Levinson, and George Herbert Mead. They each studied the developmental stages throughout one’s life in their own perspectives, each proposing a new and revised theory. Born in 1902, Erik Erikson was a psychologist best known for his study and theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. He has publishedRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives On Language Development1590 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will consist of three theoretical perspectives on language development Burner, Vygotsky and Piaget. Each theory has key features that will be explained they are all opposing theories on language development; the main framework throughout this essay will be discussing the social interaction and cognitive development. In addition the essay will argue the main contrast and comparison using the key features that have been explained. Language is what separates mankind from any other species;Read MoreThe Effects Of Affective Development On Children Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesAffective development can be defined as the emergence of the emotional capacity to experience, recognize, and express a range of emotions to adequately response to emotional cues of others. Adults play a very important role in the affective development in children. 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The term play can be used to illustrate a wide range of behaviors and activities, and can be perceived as both essential and insignificant to the child at the same time. Santrock (2012, p.437) suggests a definition of play as a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake. However, this is argued by Kernan (2007, p.5) who states that none of the potential definitions are broad enough to encompass all of the meanings associated withRead MoreLanguage Acquisition : What Is Encompassed By The Phrase Meaning Making Within Early Childhood? Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage and if adults have an impact on the child’s language development will also be argued throughout. Meaning making is the process which children go through when making sense of the world around them, discovering how and why things happen. Wells (2009) suggests infants are born with a drive to make sense of their experiences and have successful strategies for doing so. The meaning making process involves the child having the opportunity to receive information and to be listened to. Adults have a keyRead MoreDescribe What Montessori Meant by â€Å"New Education†1594 Words   |  7 Pageschildren to develop her method of education. During these observations she has discovered that each child has their own urge to learn through their own way. She brought to light that children has an enormous ability which can be turned into positive energy and a new beginning. According to Dr Montessori; education should be aimed at human progress not only to gain knowledge. â€Å"It is the spirit of the child that can determine the course human progress and lead it perhaps even to a higher f orm of civilizationRead MoreJean Piaget And Vygotsky s Theory On Children s Cognitive Development1507 Words   |  7 Pagescognitive development. Both psychologists had their own vision of what stimulates and helps a child grow. Jean Piaget s theory was shaped through the thinking and understanding of how knowledge is built through a series of four stages; preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational and concrete operational. He believed that the development was with the child themselves. On the contrary, Lev Vygotsky s theory is shaped through adult social interactions and cultural roles. He believed that a child sRead MoreVygotsky s Theory Of Internalisation1709 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped by Piaget, Vygotsky also characterised children as â€Å"active agents in their development†. (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A.,2016p.103). As explained by Vygotsky in his theory, he suggests that development of a child can be attained socially as the child being the participant is b eing ‘internalised’ by the individual the child is interacting with (S.thinsan,2011), as Vygotsky mentioned ‘the direction of development is the social interaction with the individual’. (Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A.,2016Read MoreBenefits of Learining through Play1325 Words   |  5 Pagescognitive development. Play is important for children’s learning as it helps them to become socially adept, managing with stress and developing cognitive skills such as problem solving. Through play children explore social, material and imaginary worlds and their relationship with them. There are many different reasons why children play, sometimes they are discovering or learning new things. Play can be a way of building or strengthening relationships with either other children or adults. Children

Balance Sheet For Microsoft Corporation Accounting Essay Free Essays

Microsoft is the most outstanding engineering corporation in the universe that deals with computing machines, † With one-year grosss of more than $ 32 billion, Microsoft Corporation is more than the largest package company in the universe: it is a cultural phenomenon. The company ‘s nucleus concern is based on developing, fabrication, and licencing package merchandises, including runing systems, waiter applications, concern and consumer applications, and package development tools, every bit good as Internet package, engineerings, and services † . ( http: //www. We will write a custom essay sample on Balance Sheet For Microsoft Corporation Accounting Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Microsoft-Corporation-Company-History.html ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/14/Microsoft-Corporation.htmlA A A A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.redciencia.cu/empres/Intempres2000/Sitio/Principal/Conferencias/CUBA_Inteligencia % 20Empresarial/victor/bcrc6.htm †The name of the celebrated individual – Bill Gates comes in one ‘s head with reference of the name of Microsoft. He is the laminitis of the company and is believed to be the smartest coders of all time. † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bighistory.net/microsoft-a-short-history/ ) . Led by him, Microsoft had witnessed its flowers and has been able to hold its merchandise on about every personal computing machine in the universe, and in the procedure making criterions in the engineering industry every bit good as market re-definition. †Gates was foremost exposed to computing machines at school in the late 60 ‘s with his friend Paul Allen. At 14 ; Gates and he ‘s friend were composing and proving computing machine plans. In 1972 they established their first company, Traf-O-Data, which sold a fundamental computing machine that, recorded and analyzed traffic informations. He ‘s friend went on to analyze computing machine scientific discipline at the University of Washington and so dropped out to work at Honeywell, while Gates enrolled at Harvard. In 1975, Gates and Allen wrote a version of BASIC for the new Altair personal computer kit merely released by MITS Computer. Later that twelvemonth Gates left college to work full clip developing programming linguistic communications for the Altair, and he and Allen relocated to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to be close MITS Computer, where Allen took a place as manager of package development. Gates and Allen named their partnership Micro-soft † . ( http: //www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Microsoft-Corporation-Company-History.html ) . The word Microsoft was developed from two different words, micro from personal computer and soft from package. The name was registered in New Mexico in November 1976. On November 1978, the first international office of Microsoft was established in Japan and its name was ASCII ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) . It is now known as Microsoft Japan. In January 1979 the company ‘s central office was moved to Bellevue Washington. ( http: //www.bighistory.net/microsoft-a-short-history/ ) . In the early 80 ‘s, Microsoft witnessed a period of great success when IBM contracted the company to develop an operating system for its personal computing machines ( Personal computer ) , which was underway. In the late 80 ‘s Microsoft issued IPOs ( initial public offering ) of over two million portions and in the infinite of one twelvemonth the monetary value or the portions tripled and in the procedure doing Gates a billionaire at about 30 old ages of age. Harmonizing to Richard B, McKenzie ( 2000 ) †Microsoft bases accused of seeking to widen its market laterality by bear downing the lowest of all monetary values for its browser Internet Explorer † . Nonetheless ; the company had tonss of other critics and legal instances against it from rivals and the likes. Microsoft success was further heightened by the tech bubble of the 2000 following the release of the Windowss XP, windows 2000, the acquisition of Visio corporation which stood as the largest acquisition in the life of Microsoft so far with dealing value of about One and half a billion dollars. The company besides spread its tentacles into the universe of bet oning with their popularly known X-BOX which has remained a success boulder clay day of the month. ( http: //www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Microsoft-Corporation-Company-History.html ) . DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MICROSOFT PERFORMANCE OVERTIME Cardinal Dates: 1975: Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen ; they sell BASIC, the first Personal computer computing machine linguistic communication plan to MITS Computer, Microsoft ‘s first client. 1981: Microsoft, Inc. is incorporated ; IBM uses Microsoft ‘s 16-bit operating system for its first personal computing machine. 1982: Microsoft, U.K. , Ltd. is incorporated. 1983: Paul Allen resigns as executive vice-president but remains on the board ; Jon Shirley is made president of Microsoft ( he subsequently becomes CEO ) ; Microsoft introduces the Microsoft Mouse and Word for MS-DOS 1.00. 1985: Microsoft and IBM forge a joint development understanding. 1986: Microsoft stock goes public at $ 21 per portion. 1987: The Company ‘s first CD-ROM application, Microsoft Bookshelf, is released. 1990: Jon Shirley retires as president and CEO ; Michael R. Hallman is promoted in Shirley ‘s topographic point ; the company becomes the first Personal computer package house to excel $ 1 billion of gross revenues in a individual twelvemonth. 1992: Bill Gates is awarded the National Medal of Technology for Technological Achievement. 1993: The Company introduces Windows NT. 1995: Bill Gates publishes his first book, The Road Ahead. 1996: The Company acquires Vermeer Technologies and its package application, FrontPage. 1997: The Justice Department alleges that Microsoft violated a 1994 consent edict refering licencing the Windows runing system to computing machine makers. 1998: The U.S. Department of Justice files two antimonopoly instances against Microsoft, avering the company had violated the Sherman Act. 2000: The Company acquires Visio Corporation, its largest acquisition to day of the month. 2001: Microsoft Windows XP is released internationally. 2003: Microsoft launches Windows Server 2003. 2007: Microsoft launches Windows view 2009: Microsoft launches windows 7 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Microsoft-Corporation-Company-History.html Balance sheet for Microsoft Corporation as at 30th June 2010. ( Annually ) Assetss [ + ] in Millions of Dollars 06/2010 06/2009 06/2008 06/2007 06/2006 Cash and Equivalents 5,505 6,076 10,339 6,111 6,714 Restrictable Cash – – – – – Marketable Securities 31,283 25,371 13,323 17,300 27,447 Histories Receivable 13,014 11,192 13,589 11,338 9,316 Loans Receivable – – – – – Other Receivables – – – – – Receivabless 13,014 11,192 13,589 11,338 9,316 Inventories, Raw Materials 172 170 417 435 465 Inventories, Work in Progress 16 45 31 148 – Inventories, Purchased Components – – – – – Inventories, Finished Goods 552 502 537 544 1,013 Inventories, Other – – – – – Inventories, Adjustments A ; Allowances – – – – – Inventories 740 717 985 1,127 1,478 Prepaid Expenses – – – – – Current Deferred Income Taxes 2,184 2,213 2,017 1,899 1,940 Other Current Assetss 2,950 3,711 2,989 2,393 2,115 Entire Current Assets 55,676 49,280 43,242 40,168 49,010 Land and Improvements 526 526 518 428 362 Buildings and Improvement 8,187 7,824 6,030 4,247 3,146 Machinery, Furniture and Equipment 7,546 6,732 5,996 4,691 3,715 Construction in Advancement – – – – – Fixed Assets, Other – – – – – Fixed Assets, Entire 16,259 15,082 12,544 9,366 7,223 Gross Fixed Assetss 16,259 15,082 12,544 9,366 7,223 Accumulated Depreciation ( 8,629 ) ( 7,547 ) ( 6,302 ) ( 5,016 ) ( 4,179 ) Net Fixed Assetss 7,630 7,535 6,242 4,350 3,044 Intangibles 1,158 1,759 1,973 878 539 Cost in Excess 12,394 12,503 12,108 4,760 3,866 Non-Current Deferred Income Taxes – 279 949 1,389 2,611 Other Non-Current Assetss 9,255 6,532 8,279 11,626 10,527 Entire Non-Current Assetss 30,437 28,608 29,551 23,003 20,587 Entire Assetss 86,113 77,888 72,793 63,171 69,597 Liabilitiess [ + ] in Millions of Dollars 06/2010 06/2009 06/2008 06/2007 06/2006 Histories Collectible 4,207 5,008 4,034 3,247 2,909 Short Term Debt 1,000 2,000 – – – Notes Collectible – – – – – Accrued Expenses – – – – – Accrued Liabilitiess 3,283 3,156 2,934 2,325 1,938 Deferred Grosss 13,652 13,003 13,397 10,779 9,138 Current Deferred Income Taxes – – – – 1,557 Other Current Liabilitiess 4,005 3,867 9,521 7,403 6,900 Entire Current Liabilitiess 26,147 27,034 29,886 23,754 22,442 Long Term Debt 4,939 3,746 – – – Deferred Income Tax 229 – – – – Other Non-Current Liabilitiess 8,623 7,550 6,621 8,320 7,051 Minority Interest – – – – – Capital Lease Obligations – – – – – Preferred Securities of Subsidiary Trust – – – – – Preferred Equity Outside Shareholders ‘ Equity – – – – – Entire Non-Current Liabilitiess 13,791 11,296 6,621 8,320 7,051 Entire Liabilitiess 39,938 38,330 36,507 32,074 29,493 Preferred Shareholder ‘s Equity – – – – – Common Shareholder ‘s Equity 46,175 39,558 36,286 31,097 40,104 Common Par 62,856 62,382 62,849 – – Additional Paid in Capital – – – 60,557 59,005 Accumulative Translation Adjustments – – – 149 – Retained Net incomes ( 16,681 ) ( 22,824 ) ( 26,563 ) ( 31,114 ) ( 20,130 ) Treasury Stock – – – – – Other Equity Adjustments – – – 1,505 1,229 Entire Capitalization 51,114 43,304 36,286 31,097 40,104 Entire Equity 46,175 39,558 36,286 31,097 40,104 Entire Liabilities A ; Shareholder ‘s Equity 86,113 77,888 72,793 63,171 69 Closing monetary value = $ 25.51 Volume sold =25.16m Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/main/dsdata? dsid=2940 A ; templateid=0 A ; cid=27590212 A ; qm_page=30703. [ Accessed, 4 April 2011 ] . The balance sheet above gives a brief sum-up of the plus and liabilities of Microsoft at a glimpse, it is evident that Microsoft has been able to keep plus at a greater proportion than liabilities overtime. The company has a good mix of debt and equity, for every $ 1 owned it is borrowing less than 90 cents. This shows that the company is non excessively leveraged and less hazardous while besides basking some degree of revenue enhancement shield from the purchase. Microsoft has a good opportunity of go oning into a traveling concern in the nearest foreseeable hereafter because its capital construction shows more of a residuary ownership. With more descriptive statistics, we can besides analyze the public presentation of Microsoft on a monthly footing from the twelvemonth 1988- 2009 utilizing returns ( unit % ) See excel for descriptive statistics. Microsoft return ( unit % ) Market return ( unit % ) Mean 0.021622876 Mean 0.857870722 Standard Error 0.00618845 Standard Error 0.269942879 Median 0.022084196 Median 1.41 Manner 0.064221396 Manner 1.78 Standard Deviation 0.100359793 Standard Deviation 4.377737838 Sample Variance 0.010072088 Sample Variance 19.16458858 Kurtosis 1.421423202 Kurtosis 1.709578314 Lopsidedness 0.366537791 Lopsidedness -0.812673531 Scope 0.751310392 Scope 29.51 Minimum -0.343529412 Minimum -18.46 Maximum 0.40778098 Maximum 11.05 Sum 5.686816298 Sum 225.62 Count 263 Count 263 From the descriptive statistics above, Microsoft has a positive lopsidedness unlike the market whose lopsidedness is negative, this indicates that Microsoft has a better flow or return than the market. It could besides be noted that Microsoft is ( 1 ) criterion divergence off from its average whereas the market is ( 4 ) criterion divergence off from its mean, this means that the returns of Microsoft had non been excessively volatile over the old ages and return on stocks are less hazardous. COMPARISON OF MOCROSOFT PERFORMANCE WITH S A ; P 500 ( MARKET ) USING T-TEST See t-test on Excel H0: Microsoft did non surpass the market H1: Microsoft outperformed the market t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means A Variable 1 Variable 2 Mean 0.021622876 0.857870722 Discrepancy 0.010072088 19.16458858 Observations 263 263 Pearson Correlation 0.539530773 Hypothesized Average Difference 0 df 262 T Stat -3.136067434 P ( T lt ; =t ) one-tail 0.000953757 t Critical one-tail 1.650690284 P ( T lt ; =t ) two-tail 0.001907515 t Critical two-tail 1.969059657 A Decision: From the t-Test above, since the t-stats is greater in value than the t -critical ( irrespective of the -ve mark ) , we need to accept the alternate hypothesis ( H1 ) which says that Microsoft outperformed the market and reject the Null hypothesis ( H0 ) which says that Microsoft did non surpass the market. We can besides deduce this decision by looking at the P- value, here we can see that the p- value is less than the significance degree of.05, therefore we need to accept the alternate hypothesis ( H1 ) . Analysis OF MICROSOFT PERFORMANCE WITH CAPM Arrested development Statisticss Multiple R 0.258985259 R Square 0.067073365 Adjusted R Square 0.063498933 Standard Error 0.185690508 Observations 263 Analysis of variance A df United states secret service Multiple sclerosis F Significance F Arrested development 1 0.647027164 0.647027164 18.764764 2.11102E-05 Residual 261 8.999531777 0.034480965 Entire 262 9.646558942 A A A A Coefficients Standard Error T Stat P-value Lower 95 % Upper 95 % Lower 95.0 % Upper 95.0 % Intercept -0.32415329 0.011530623 -28.1123831 6.17385E-81 -0.346858177 -0.30145 -0.34686 -0.30145 X Variable 1 0.011371441 0.002625088 4.331831484 2.11102E-05 0.006202393 0.01654 0.006202 0.01654 CAPM: – Tocopherol ( R ) =RF+I? [ RM-RF ] By replacing the CAPM expression into the arrested development, we have Y= I ±+I?x+e Y = dependant variable I ± = intercept I? = co-efficient of independent variable vitamin E =error When x=0, I ± is an estimation of Y, so extra return of Microsoft would be given as: Excess return= -0.32415329+0.011371441+0.185690508 Adjusted R Square = 0.063498933 The adjusted R Square indicates that 6.3 % of the variableness in the extra return of Microsoft is explained by the market. I.e. for every per centum alteration of return in the market, Microsoft ‘s return alterations by 6.3 % . Decision Microsoft How to cite Balance Sheet For Microsoft Corporation Accounting Essay, Essay examples

Capability and Organizational Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Capability and Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction This is a business strategy report of Ryanair; a company operating in European aviation industry. The objectives of the report includes exploring the internal, external environments affecting the Ryanair and recommending the strategic direction of the company in future. In the internal environment, factors such as competitive ability, strategic capabilities, resources and competitive advantages are explored. In the external environment, the macro environment and the industry five porter forces are analyzed. Lastly the reports offers the strategic direction of the company with the focus on business-level and corporate-level strategies based. The strategy proposed is based on the previous part of the paper namely the internal and external environment of the organization. The internal environment comprises the aspects and the factors inside that has direct effects on the operation and performance of the firm. An example includes current employees, competitive environment, corporate culture, unique resources, core competencies, technology, and others. This section explores the internal environment of Ryanair namely the organization resources, competencies, strategic capabilities and competitive advantage of the enterprise (Walder 2012). The company has many core competencies which are essential to sustaining a competitive edge over the rivals and enhancing its performance in the industry. For instance, the core competencies include the maintenance and disposal of the fleets. Ryanair's aircraft fleet comprises a physical asset which can be used in the understanding the firms policy and the management practices. Through the policy, the management is devoted to ensuring the cost of maintenance constantly remain low as possible. The strategy to realizing the objective is by reducing the average age of the fleet and maintaining it using cost efficient way (Rachet 2014). Besides, the companies also has policies that ensures constant checking the condition of the aircraft fleet on a routine basis. For instance, the aircraft return to its bases every evening to be examined and any problem detected are solved immediately. These actions implemented by the firm has myriads of benefits and helps in achieving competitive advanta ge over the industrys rivals (Dobbs 2014). Further, the core competencies of the organization have been embedded in its culture. The company provides ancillary services such as non-flight services, insurances, in-flight sales, commissions, accommodation services, car rentals, excess charges amongst others (Hinterhuber Liozu 2014). These are core competencies that form vital elements of Ryanair's culture. Nonetheless, when the management spots an opportunity to design and implement new kinds of service, actions and decisions are taken fast to satisfy the market. For example, provision of a range of ancillary services associated with the existing passenger service which is meant to enhance the capability of Ryanair. Therefore, the paper argue that the core competencies of the firm emanate from its ability to provide services in a standardized way and use of unique strategies to deliver them to their consumers and this is what differentiate them from other companies (Malighetti et al. 2010). Strategic Capability The strategic capability of Ryanair includes the use of the Internet to popularize its brand name. The company has the largest travel website in the continent as recognized by Google due to its ability to build and manage its brand on Google. Therefore the unique business capability is its ability to turn its web traffic to an e-commerce through advertising to gain more revenues. Moreover, its excellent brand image forms a unique asset that leads to Ryanair competitive advantages (Costantino et al. 2016). Besides the company has developed strategic ability to benchmark in the industry to a level where no company can match. For instance, the firm makes landing in many regional and other airports where there are lower landing fees. Further, they are capable of calculating the cost per passenger and creation of monopoly through budgeted airline industry. All these factors indicate its distinctive strategic capability achieved by the organization (Abdi et al. 2016; Walder 2012). According to Barney, Mackey and Borbly nature of unique and intangible resources that are inimitable is a basis for the competitive advantage. Ryanair source of unique resources is their talented managers who use an aggressive approach that is the basis of their competitive advantage (Barney Mackey 2016; Borbly 2016). The managers talents arm them with the capability to implement and design a model that enables low-cost services. Therefore it is hard for the rivals to imitate that unique resource and personalities which serve to the advantage of Ryanair (Button 2012). For instance, the managers utilizes their personalities and revolutionary business models to offer services such as commissions on all board sales and payments based on the number of flying hours which makes the firm compete successfully in the industry. Further, the managers also train pilots to gain knowledge on how to fly an aircraft with the use of a minimum fuel to respectively reduce the amount of fuel used and the cost of delivering consumers to their destination (Chen et al. 2014). As such, the unique resources of the organization is the personnel such as senior managers and lower staff. As seen, Ryanair has capitalized on the development of the human resources skills in a bid to improve their abilities and enhance the capability to provide services to diverse consumers. An example includes the pilot, managers and young talented workers who have skills that are required in the evolving environment (Burrell 2011). Michael Porter's theory explains to us that companies use three primary strategies to gain a competitive edge over others and these include focus, cost leadership, and differentiation. The company has chosen the second approach as it provides low-cost services to producer and consumers in Europe through selling standardized products on a mass scale and this is a source of its competitive advantage of the firm (Hinterhuber Liozu 2014; Dobbs 2014). Besides, low-cost services are not the only advantage because there are airlines that somewhat offer similar prices but the quality of the services makes them distinct and attractive to consumers. For instance, makes it easy to aggressively offer their products and services at significantly lower costs which lead to competitive advantage and make Ryanair realize success (Burrell 2011). On the other hand, competitive advantage is understood as the ability of the firm to have a better return on the capital invested over a particular or defined period. The advantage can be measured regarding the management capability, technology, location, market share and the strength of the brand (Burrell 2011). To this regard, Ryanair competitive advantage is due to they fly to many destinations that are less popular and not served by other companies in the industry. Therefore, it offers people living in this destination on the continent have a chance to access flight services at the nearest airport. Also, the company has talented management and support staff with necessary skills and use of technology to reach consumers and provide services are some of the issues that make it competitive when compared to others in the industry (Burrell 2011). Analysis of the External Environments This section explores two macro-environmental trends namely technological and environmental forces and evaluates how they affect the firms operations(Iiguez, et al., 2014). The term external environment comprises the factors outside the organization and have immense influences on its functioning. Companies need to act and reacts to the changes in the environment to avoid any effects on its operations. The macro environment is made of global forces that the business has no control of and the success of the company is dependent on how the management maneuvers and adapt to these factors. Each of the factors and the influences it has must be taken into account in the formulation of strategies by the organization (Rothaermel 2015). The technology used in the industry and by firms operating in the industry offers a lot of advantages because it improves the efficiency and enhance fuel utilization(Iiguez, et al., 2014). Ryanair is identified as a budget airline and therefore prefers to procure low-cost fuel jets. Although the jets are expensive, they utilize cheap fuels leading to considerable cost savings, and high profits are realized. Besides, technology has changed the way companies in the industry are offering services and this has resulted in the rise of m-commerce and e-commerce airline ticketing, online check-ins and internet sales. These developments in the sector are trending, and airlines have increased the efficiency of the operations as the customers are not required to queue as services are met at ease (Mayer et al. 2012). Changes in weather and climate have led to change of policies which aim at solving the issues in the environment. In Europe, there is a demand for airlines to reduce the level of carbon emissions significantly and Ryanair will be affected as it makes many flights per day (Burrell 2011). Therefore, it is one of the targeted airlines which needs to make significant improvements to reduce carbon emissions footprint. The implementation of environmentally conscious policies will make or break the companies because customers will prefer to use environmentally conscious airlines in the future (Mayer et al. 2012). Porters Five Forces Analysis Michael Porter in his book written in 1980 titled competitive strategy identified the five forces that shape the structure of industrys competition. According to Porter understanding and determine the five forces by a firm is paramount as it helps to spot products and services that can increase the revenue generated and the potential for profit in the sector. In cases where the forces are intense on end in industries like airlines, then it becomes extremely hard for the company to achieve higher profit returns on their investment made (Porter 2008). The five forces identified by Porter includes the threats of the entrance, the power of consumers and suppliers to bargain and the level of rivalry between companies, probability of substitute products and the threat of new entrants (Magretta 2013). The analysis focuses on Ryanair regarding European airline industry. To enter in the industry where the operators compete to provide low fares for their consumers combined with substantial cost leader such as Ryanair makes it hard for new entrants. For new entrants to successfully compete in such an industry which is strong, there must be intensive capital, excellent supply chain management to achieve high economies of scale. Therefore without these, it is very hard for new entrants to survive in such as a sector and this means the low threat of new entrants for Ryanair (Magretta 2013). The industry is characterized by high bargaining power of buyers. The consumers in the industry can quickly switch to rival airline brands because there are no extra expenses incurred. For instance, there are many airlines which customers can switch to like Aer Lingus, Virgin Express, and EasyJet. Each of the operators has their cost leadership strategy that makes it for consumers to switch companies quickly. Therefore for the Ryanair, the challenge that faces them in the sector is the existence of businesses that compete with it by providing low prices and similar services (Barney Mackey 2016). The Threat of Substitutes In the industry, there are there myriads threats of substitutes including the railroad transport, sea, road transport such as busses, rent-a-car firms that provide excellent and comparable services similar to those offered by the airline industry (Whyte Lohmann 2015). For example, the train services in the continent are the most notable and therefore significant threat to the airline's sector. Rail network is capable of replacing the services offered by the airline because they are not too costly as compared to airlines companies (Diaconu 2012). Further, the continent Europe has a well-established network connected by railroad example being Eurail that connects the west with central and southern regions and therefore one can use it to access various destinations in the continent. However, the barrier of the railway sector is the time taken to connect from one route to another while using a plane take the significantly shorter time to connect from one destination to another. As such; one can conclude that the threat of substitutes in the industry for the Ryanair airline is significantly low (DAlfonso et al. 2011). The bargaining power of the suppliers of products and services in the industries are very high (Witt 2013). In this case, there are two primary producers of major aircraft brand in Europe which includes the Boeing Company and Airbus. Therefore, the suppliers bargaining power is very high because of the high costs associated with switching of brands. This means to switch the suppliers there is extremely high capital required and training of pilots. For Ryanairs, the supplier of their products is Boeing although it possible for the airline to change suppliers due to positive cash flow. For example, back in 2014, the company tried to procure aircraft fleets from Airbus aircraft, but later the plans were canceled and requested from Boeing aircraft (Burmann Schade 2017). In the European airline industry, the intensity of the rivalry between different firms can be said to be medium but there is high threat of entry (Chen et al. 2014). The reason for this is due to rise in some companies trying to copy its cost leadership strategy with the focus of being an Airline leaders regarding budget. The development of the aviation sector in Europe is feasible because less than 30% of budget airlines market participate in the entire industry. As such, there is little chance of the firm becoming successful in broadening its strategy (de Wit Zuidberg 2012). An analysis of the five forces model reveals some implications in the Europe airline industry. The paper argues that there is a huge competition for services and prices by the companies operating in the firm and the power of suppliers to bargain forms one of the strongest forces in the sector. Therefore, the level of competition is very high between the enterprises and new companies planning to enter the market will find it hard to make a profit and therefore may be edged out due to lack of enough capital to sustain the industry practices. The forces wielded by suppliers are significant due to the intensive and high cost required to procure the aircraft and related maintenance, and any changes can lead to a severe loss on the part of the company. Besides, there are a couple of factors and forces which are present in the industry have a weak threat to the firms. Therefore, for businesses, it is time-consuming and expensive for a new company to penetrate the market with a lower risk of entry. The low costs of switching in the industry and the availability of substitutes in the market is an indication that buyers have weaker force. Recommended Strategic Direction Ryan Air is known for being a low budget airline, and the main focus is geared toward cost reduction. The section discusses it generic strategy and makes recommendations on how it can better its strategy. The analysis outlines three generic strategies used by the firm namely cost Leadership, differentiation, and focus. The section comments on whether the company should change or continue with its generic approach in the market and some of the strategies that should be applied based on the changes in the environment such as the use of technology. Cost Leadership strategy is when the organization manages it value-adding plans to make it the lowest cost airline in the industry (Moreno et al. 2015). The strategy is driven by the goal of the airline as the business seeks to compete with the rivals by proving the lowest costs. The company has become popular to European citizens who embraces air travel to move from one point to another. The company strategy was informed of the economic recession from the last decade, and other factors in the industry that forced the consumer to search for cheaper options when still maintaining the quality of the services provided. In such a case, the firm created demands for its tickets and thus high demands for it services (Moreno-Izquierdo et al. 2016). The focus is one of the generic strategies used by organizations and acts as a moderator of both cost leadership and differentiation strategies. The focus of Ryan air is to attract customers to low-cost airlines getting from point to point (Julie 2014). Thus, Ryanair is oriented toward accommodating clients and passengers by implementing low budget policy compared to that of competitors. Ryan Air provides no frills, and this makes it extremely low-cost and high-quality level of service for customers who needs to connect various destinations. Regarding this strategy, Ryan focus is to be the lowest-cost airline, but this has been the firm to be less differentiated (Mullane 2015). The paper argues that the company should continue to use the strategy in the industry to attain and maintain the lead against the rivals. The best strategy to implement cost leadership is through reduction of prices by understanding the market experience, modify supply chain, economies of scale, overhead control, and tight price and cost minimization in areas like provision of service and advertising (Walder 2012). The strategy has been used by other companies such as Wal-Mart and made it successful of all time. Therefore, Ryanair should not change the strategy, but some modification should be used to respond to the changing forces in the market. Charging a lower price for the services will lead to a larger volume in the future, and this means it will increase revenue and massive profits and further expand to upcoming market. Also, the strategy will also make it difficult for new firms to enter the market due to high capital investment and low-profit margins. Further, the company will develop many competencies and techniques that can be utilized to lower costs and gain a definite advantage. For example, pursuing the strategy will help the management come up with the overall companys culture which continually seeks greater efficiency and which in itself produces a competitive advantage. Therefore to meet the demand of the evolving environment, the firm needs to look into any wasteful practices where the cost of operations can be reduced further. It is also paramount to monitor the changes in the structure of the industry and the behaviors of other companies and adjusts it cost leadership strategy to ensure profitability and the survival of the organization. Corporate Level Strategies There are various level strategy which can be employed by the organization to create the value in the industry. Corporate level strategies used by the companies are concerned with the formulation and implementation of strategic decisions that has an affect the whole firm. These includes moves like mergers and acquisitions, financial performance, HR development and the allocation of resources among others. There is various corporate level strategy that Ryanair can employ to create additional value. This organization includes value creating, value-neutral, and value reducing. The firm can use value-creating strategy for the purpose of increasing the competitive ability and further gain more market share in Europe and other destinations. The company can use the strategy to add both perceived and real value of the firms services and products through exploiting the economies of scope. These includes the use of capabilities and resources of the business that can be shared by the entire company in a bid to increase efficiency and reduce the costs of operations. The idea of a value-creating strategy to be adopted by the firm should be oriented toward diversification of services, goods, and market to increase consumers and dominate the whole market. Further, the management should consider venturing into new routes in European countries. The focus can be directed to routes where the services are more expensive and served by the traditional carrier as this can help attract more passengers by offering cheaper and no-frills options. The strategy can also encompass increasing the frequency on the routes where it has an operation. Both plans are significant as they can help take a proportionate share of the customers from traditional carriers which can contribute to increasing the current market share. Ryanair is experienced in short haul routes between cities. However, with the changing environment, the firm can extend the services to haul routes, and this move can be best achieved through using of connecting flight. As the level of competition increases between rival companies, Ryanair needs to Improve and enhance the level of customer loyalty and satisfaction to prevent their consumers from switching to other businesses. For instance, when consumers are not satisfied with the level of services provides, they could switch to other carriers such as easyJet, Norwegian, Vueling and Wizz Air even when their services are a little expensive compared to Ryanair. Besides, because the market is very volatile, it is paramount to improve on its oil hedging and currency trading through improving its policy to embrace the use of US dollars to purchase fuel. Ryanair website is well rated by Google due to its high traffic by consumers, and the platform can be utilized to market its ancillary products better and to explore the possibilities of generating advertising revenue for its website. The firm can also introduce their credit card to add to its portfolio of the products and services. Such can be the way to ensuring the entire bookings is done through the internet and therefore help eliminate a call center that is very costly. Lastly, to improve its scope, the best strategy is to merge with firms operating in other industries such as Hospitality and Tourism to make the services and products comprehensive. Conclusion In conclusion Ryanair is a low cost airline operating in the European air industry. The company competitive advantages, unique resources, strategic capabilities is due to the personnel of employees, provision of low cost tickets and maintenance of their fleets. The industry in which the company operates is characterized by low threat of new entrants, high bargain of suppliers and intense rivalry. In future, the company needs to maintain the strategy but modify it based on the changing forces in the environment and adopt strategies such as expanding in routes where the operators are expensive and use of its website to offer all its services to consumers. Bibliography Abdi, M Elliot, L Edalat, F 2016, 'Strategic Business Plan Based on Total Quality Management for Property-Marketing Small Enterprises in UK', In Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship in the Contemporary Knowledge-Based Global Economy. s.l.:IGI Global. Barney, J Mackey, A 2016, 'Text and metatext in the resource?based view', Human Resource Management Journal, 26(4), pp, 369-378. Borbly, A 2016, 'The Firms Strategy and its Negotiation Capability: the Ryanair Case,' In Paper presented at the 16th European Academy of Management Annual Conference (Vol. 1, p. 4). Burmann, CR Schade, M 2017, 'The Foundations of Identity-Based Brand Management', In Identity-Based Brand Management, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.. Burrell, K 2011, 'Going steerage on Ryanair: cultures of migrant air travel between Poland and the UK', Journal of Transport Geography, 19(5), pp, 1023-1030. Button, K 2012, 'Low-cost airlines: A failed business model?, Transportation Journal, 51(2), pp. 197-219. Chen, Y et al. 2014, 'IT capability and organizational performance: the roles of business process agility and environmental factors,' European Journal of Information Systems, 23(3), pp, 326-342. Costantino F, Di Gravio, G Nonino F, Patriarca, R 2016, 'Evolution of the intellectual structure of research on pricing strategy of low cost carriers,' Research in Transportation Business Management, Volume 21, pp, 99-116. DAlfonso T, Malighetti, P Redondi, R 2011, 'The pricing strategy of Ryanair,' Walsh, C., Airline Industry Strategies, Operations and Safety, Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. de Wit, J Zuidberg, J 2012, 'The growth limits of the low cost carrier model', Journal of Air Transport Management, Volume 21, pp. 17-23. Diaconu, L 2012, 'The Evolution of the European Low-cost Airlines Business Models,' Ryanair Case Study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 62, pp, 342-346. Dobbs, M 2014, 'Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates,' Competitiveness Review, 24(1), pp, 32-45. Hinterhuber, A Liozu, S 2014, Is innovation in pricing your next source of competitive advantage?. Business Horizons, 57(3), pp, 413-423. Iiguez T, Plumed, M Martnez, M 2014, 'Ryanair and Spain: Air connectivity and tourism from the perspective of complex networks,' Tourism Management Studies, 10(4), pp, 46-52. Julie, P 2014, 'HRM in companies: Ryanair, IBM, Google, IKEA,' Docs: school Publications. Magretta, J 2013, 'Understanding Michael Porter: The essential guide to competition and strategy,' Harvard: Harvard business press. Malighetti P, Paleari, S Redondi, R 2010, 'Has Ryanair's pricing strategy changed over time? An empirical analysis of its 20062007 flights,'Tourism management, 31(1), pp, 36-44. Mayer R, Ryley, T Gillingwater, D 2012, 'Passenger perceptions of the green image associated with airlines,' Journal of Transport Geography, Volume 22, pp, 179-186. Moreno-Izquierdo L, Ramn-Rodrguez, A Perles-Ribes, J 2016, 'Pricing strategies of the European low-cost carriers explained using Porter's Five Forces Model,' Tourism Economics, 22(2), pp, 293-310. Moreno L, Ramon, A Pedreo, A 2015, 'The Development of Low-cost Airlines and Tourism as a Competitiveness Complementor: Effects, Evolution and Strategies', Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 3(4), pp, 262-274. Mullane, J 2015, 'Blending Typologies to Enhance Student Learning: An Example from Business', Global Education Journal, 2015(2). Porter, M 2008, The five competitive forces that shape strategy', Harvard business review, 86(1), pp, 25-40. Rachet, B 2014, 'An analysis of Ryanair competitiveness', s.l.:school Publications. Rothaermel, F 2015, 'Strategic management', New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Walder, J 2012, 'A strategic analysis of Ryanair'. Walder, J 2012, 'A strategic analysis of Scandinavian airlines', SAS. Whyte, R Lohmann, G 2015, 'The carrier-within-a-carrier strategy: An analysis of Jetstar', Journal of Air Transport Management, Volume 42, pp, 141-148. Witt, A 2013, 'From Airtours to Ryanair: is the more economic approach to EU merger law really about more economics?.

Othello Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; I am non what I am. # 8221 ; An essay on Othello, inquiry No 4. I will discourse this quotation mark in relation to Lacan # 8217 ; s thoughts approximately linguistic communication as the symbolic order. My purpose is to demo how Othello finds his individuality threatened by Desdemona # 8217 ; s reaction to his narratives. In order to explicate Lacan # 8217 ; s thoughts really briefly I will cite from Pam Morris: Literature and Feminism, ( Blackwell, 1993 ) where she discusses the declaration of the Oedipal crisis. For Freud the result of the kid # 8217 ; s fright of emasculation is its entry to the world rule and hence its entry into the societal order. For Lacan this must co-occur with the kid # 8217 ; s entry into the linguistic communication system # 8230 ; ..Language is therefore the Law of the male parent ; a lingual system within which our societal and gender individuality is ever already structured. ( p. 104 ) Othello # 8217 ; s individuality in the Venetian society is his function as # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; . We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Few people use his existent name when speaking about him. When talking the given quotation mark, Othello is stating the Venetians how he won Desdemona # 8217 ; s bosom by stating her the narrative of his life, and he now retells it to the Venetians. This tale-telling is a manner of using the lingual system to reshape for himself a new individuality with more positive intensions than # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; can offer. # 8220 ; The Moor # 8221 ; is an look the Venetians connect to other looks in the lingual system which all have a negative value. Examples are such looks as # 8220 ; old black random-access memory, a Barbary Equus caballus, lewd, and a devil. # 8221 ; The negative overtone of these words will reflect back on Othello. He can # 8217 ; t alter his beginnings but he can seek to alter the intensions of # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; . He can make full the look with a new content and thereby give himself an individuality he can be more comfy with. This is what Othello is making when he is reciting his history. Othello is evidently a good storyteller ; Desdemona can # 8217 ; t acquire adequate of his narrative. Expressions like # 8220 ; earnestly incline # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; with hastiness # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; greedy ear # 8221 ; show Desdemona # 8217 ; s avidity for his storytelling. # 8220 ; And of all time # 8230 ; ./She # 8217 ; ld come once more # 8221 ; shows that this has been go oning over a period of clip without Desdemona turning tired of his narratives. The given quotation mark implies that Othello feels he has been excessively cagey for his ain benefit. Desdemona # 8217 ; s hungering for his autobiography is felt as a menace ; it may endanger his new individuality. Othello says that she would: # 8220 ; Devour up my discourse # 8221 ; . It is in this discourse that his individuality exists. If she devours up his discourse, she devours up his individuality and leaves him where he started ; as # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; . Desdemona may stand for the all-engulfing female parent of the pre-Oedipal phase. This is a phase without construction, linguistic communication or individuality, an antonym to the lingual system, the Law of the male parent. It is with a # 8220 ; greedy ear # 8221 ; she # 8220 ; devours up my discourse # 8221 ; . An ear is sometimes used to typify female genital organ and will here stress the fact T hat Othello feels the menace to be feminine. That he, through his discourse, is devoured shows that this feminine menace is all-engulfing. If Othello garbages to accept his old function as # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; he will either be without an individuality or be dragged by his self-fashioned individuality back into the pre-Oedipal phase. These options are two sides of the same coin, he will lose himself either manner. To give up one # 8217 ; s self is the same as self-destruction. Both decease and the pre-Oedipal phase are domains without linguistic communication, construction, purpose or individuality. To give manner to the one or the other will hold the same consequence for Othello ; he will no longer be a witting being. To salvage himself, Othello must acquire control over this # 8220 ; greedy ear # 8221 ; . Female gender was considered something chilling which could best be controlled through matrimony. A loose lingua was a mark of loose gender. Othello extends this impression to include Desdemona # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; greedy ear # 8221 ; . He marries Desdemona and all is good until Iago implies that Desdemona is unfaithful. Infidelity in a adult female will reflect back on her hubby. A cuckold is a pathetic figure in other people # 8217 ; s eyes. He must be earnestly missing in individual for his married woman to run after other work forces. Othello sees himself in the same state of affairs as before the matrimony. Alternatively of utilizing her ears she is now utilizing her gender to destruct the individuality he has built up for himself. I have already pointed out how ears and gender are connected in Othello # 8217 ; s head. Either manner the consequences are the same for Othello # 8217 ; s individuality. He sees his positive image of himself stealing off: # 8220 ; Farewell the plumy military personnels and the large wars/ That makes aspiration virtuousness! # 8230 ; .Farewell: Othello # 8217 ; s business # 8217 ; s gone. # 8221 ; ( III, three, 352-353+360 ) The one manner to command this menace is to passivize Desdemona wholly by killing her. He realizes excessively late the consequence this action will hold on his ain state of affairs. She was the lone individual who would accept the individuality he had been looking. He even had troubles believing in it himself, which made him an easy victim for Iago. So when he killed Desdemona he killed the positive image of himself. The individual he saw as a menace to his individuality was the merely individual who really sustained it. Because he had such troubles in believing in himself he found it impossible that anybody else should make so. This insecurity proves his undoing. His positive self-image gone, he is left a pick between # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; or void. The minute Emilia realizes Othello is the liquidator she reverts to naming him looks connected to the negative image of # 8220 ; the Moor # 8221 ; : # 8220 ; And you the blacker Satan! # 8230 ; thou art a devil. # 8221 ; ( V, two, 129, 131 ) He can # 8217 ; t base being this individual, the lone one society and the symbolic order can offer him. To build his ain individuality has proven impossible. To be without an individuality, a non-personn implies decease. He chooses to liberate himself of this unwanted individuality by stepping out of the societal order and the linguistic communication system by agencies of self-destruction.

Process Analysis Case Study

Process Analysis Case Study Process Analysis Case Study Process Analysis Case Study: Let Us Cope with It In order to start writing your process analysis case study, it is essential to get acquainted with the notion of case study first. Thus, if you do not know what case study is, you are welcome to read its definition and a brief explanation of the notion of case study below. Case study is a method of research widely used in social science. The main aim if this very case study is to define the main principles of the notion. This method is considered to be the most effective one in collecting information at some definite subject and analyzing this very subject. After you have understood what case study is, it is a high time to pass to the process analysis case study itself. Process Analysis Case Study Writing Can Be Interesting Process analysis case study is a rather interesting assignment to accomplish, as it helps you not only to get acquainted with the process of something in all the details, but also to perceive the underlying pr inciples of it. You see it is not simple at all to cope with process analysis case study if you are trying to do it on your own. However, if to get some useful help at the matter of process analysis case study writing, it is possible to manage coping with process analysis case study. At this point, the question arises: where to find this very process analysis case study help. Well, if you are reading this article it means that you have almost found what you have been looking for. Our custom essay writing is here to help you with your process analysis case study writing. If you visit our site, you will find all the necessary information to complete your process analysis case study assignment successfully. Process analysis case study topics, process analysis case study theses, process analysis case study ideas, and process analysis case study samples are waiting for you in order to help you with your work. All this information is offered to you free of charge as we really take care a bout our customers and want to help them a great deal. Rely On Professionalism Of Our Writers! If you either do not have time or just do not have a desire to write your process analysis case study on your own, you can appeal to our professional writers and order your process analysis case study. The piece of academic writing you are going to receive will be of the premium quality in spite of being offered to you for the moderate price.

Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished in Malaysia

Capital punishment is a death sentence awarded for capital offences where in the criminal provisions consider such persons as a gross danger or threats to the existence of the society. As the merge of human rights associations, this punishment is strictly opposed for its cruelty and this has been a global debate for some years. In Malaysia, this punishment is proudly held in the law and until today, executions are being held. It is a great shame as all members of the United Nation were already called to Join the moratorium of death penalty (Amnesty International, 2007). Many countries have abandoned capital punishment and Malaysia should do the same as it is inappropriate, cruel and it does not help the society in any ways. It is inappropriate for today as clearly, it is incongruent with what Malaysia is aiming for. The aim is to be a fully developed country and to be one Malaysia has to fulfil all challenges which one of it is to be a fully caring society (Razak, 2010). Putting an end to ones life does not define caring at all. Even though the punishment has been practised in almost every society, many have abandoned the punishment and ore are in favour of abolishing it (Caroline Sculler, 2010). If the policy is as such, then the government is at the same footing as the murderers (Stevenson, 1993). As death penalty is final, those criminals will also be deprived from the opportunity to change and the true causes of crimes will not be figured out Ooseph A. Melusky, 2003). Thus, when Justice is hurried, Justice is buried too. This clearly shows that we have no mercy and for a society that values human rights, Justice and mercy, there should be no death penalty at all (Ragunath Kesavan, 2010). To punish does not mean having to do it cruelly. The world has decides that death penalty is inhuman and degrading punishment which also constitutes a torture (Caroline Sculler, 2010). Inevitably, there are risks in executing innocent people such as cases of drug trafficking involving people who were fooled by so-called Job agencies (The Star Online, 2010). It is very unjust to prosecute innocent lives. What is more, The United Nation disapproves capital punishment as it is contrary to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Malaysias excuse was that, Malaysia is not ne of the signatories of Committees Against Torture (CAT) and International Convention of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and so, Malaysia is not bound to any of their aims (Eldridge, 2002). Malaysia has shown how barbaric the nation is and the reality of death penalty is that it is hypocritical as lives cannot be traded like commodities. To replace belongings or things is acceptable, but to kill, it is cruel (Stevenson, 1993). What more to grieve is, capital punishment does not deter crimes and it does not help the society. It shows no positive result in decreasing violent crime rates (Caroline Sculler, 2010). Death penalty actually promotes crimes. When our government approves on taking ones life, its a symbolic to vengeance. Thus, victims because a clean break is not that frightening. Having the thought of being locked up in a room for the whole life is scarier. For drug-trafficking offences, there is also no evidence that the punishment helps (Human Rights Watch, 2009). It is not only useless, but it obscures the true causes of crime too. Knowing the causes of crimes is hat matters the most and by executing, this disallows research on them and will consequently blind us forever. Hence, the aim of deterring crime will never be achieved. Common arguments and beliefs of why Malaysia should continue capital punishment are of Justice, deterrent and retribution. On Justice, an execution is said to bring closure to the criminal and closure to the ordeal for the victims family. Of deterrent, capital punishment is taken as a tool to scare potential criminals as it is hoped that they will think twice before breaking the law for fear of losing their lives. And of retribution, the taking of criminals life allows society to show convincingly that certain crimes will not be tolerated. However in reality, if criminals have made up their minds to commit crimes, having the mens rea to do any, the punishments will never be taken in considerations. Plus, it is not the best deterrent tool as there is no exact statistic showing the decrease of crime rate for which the death penalty is mandatory (Ragunath Kesavan, 2010). To continue this law is to show how decadent the nation is. Malaysia has more moral based policies, but still, why is this legal? Australias previous Prime Minister, Hawke, have mentioned capital punishment as barbaric by seeing Malaysias policy. And that was insulting (Eldridge, 2002). Killing in any form victimizes all human kinds. Killing will never solve problems and killing will further brings great destructions. The world has decides that the punishment is cruel and let us stand with others. We pride ourselves for being a caring society and let us show to the world that we are. Capital punishment should be abolished as it proves nothing but the act of barbarism.

Stratgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stratgy - Essay Example The available work force and resources is the most essential asset to attain the set objectives (Trapczynski & Thomas, 91). Therefore, the company focus on preserving the health and safety of employees remains a crucial part in every phase of the business operations. The aim of the memo is to provide a strategy plan for the company to the CEO for one and ten years’ time. The company has been operational for a few years and has managed to attain tremendous progress. Establishing a memo to the CEO,that highlight the company’s strategic plan for one and ten years’ time will provide an essential blue print forplanning future global operations. Colorado Company’s international goal: To reach a diverse market segment and become a dominant leader in the fast growing Applied Control Equipment industry Strategy 1:Colorado Company to attain the set global plan of gaining a diverse market segment will require more resource allocation within china and other targeted a reas abroad. In one year, the company will require to open up new branches locally in China to attain its set goals. The business environment in China is appealing to investors due to existing and emerging opportunities. The company opening up new branches will provide a platform for increasing returns. The company to attain maximum possible returns would need to employ business strategies that align to the prevailing competitive forces. This will ensure Colorado Company optimizes on the existing opportunities to attain its potential. The company strengthening its position locally in the Chinese market would be an added advantage of expanding globally. The Chinese business environment is diverse thus capturing the wide market segment will guarantee maximum exploitation of the existing opportunities. Different business environments have varying traditions and culture. The company carrying out studies regarding the safety practices, as well as, priorities in the different markets will be pivotal in designing effective business practices. China offers a diverse market hence easier to emulateothermarkets abroad. In one year, the company needs to have penetrated the local market through business practices that align to the prevailing conditions. The company capturing a significant market share would guarantee more revenue for expansion purpose. The company has a culture of creating products that relate to the various business environments. This is an advantage for a company operating on a global level, as it can attract customers from different heritages that still recognize their roots (Trapczynski & Thomas, 99). In ten years’ time, the company will have established itself in both local and global market for it would have understood the diverse cultures. Objective 1: To attain a significant market share both locally and globally. Understanding the different business cultures in the emerging market will be crucial in employing relevant business practices tha t would enhance the potential of the company. In one year, the company needs to strengthen its position locally to enhance its potential. This will provide an appropriate platform for expanding globally over the next ten years period to increase its market share. Strategy 2: Colorado Company creating competitive advantage features through employing an innovative strategy to enhance product quality and customer satisfaction. The success of the company is based on a production

Audit related issues facing Groupon company Assignment

Audit related issues facing Groupon company - Assignment Example The interested customers then purchase the coupons electronically using their credit cards or paypal which they present in those restaurants. The firm has experienced tremendous growth since its inception with expansion in over five hundred markets in about forty seven countries worldwide. In the first year of its establishment, it managed to receive revenue worth $15 million which had never been witnessed by other players in the same industry (Garner, 2008). However, it has began to experience numerous challenges including a significant drop in the price of its shares in the New York Stock exchange market after its Initial Public Offer (IPO) in the year 2011 in the month of November. Stiff competition from its major competitors such Google and LivingSocial have further pushed down the pre-tax profits of Groupon. These firms quickly adopted the techniques used by Groupon and have since emerged stronger than it. Current problems experienced by Groupon can be traced to internal control failures according to the Chicago Tribune dated September 24th 2013. Internal control failures After registering low revenue than expected in its third quarter financial report, the management of the firm admitted to weak system of internal controls as the main cause of the decline in revenue. The admission was made to the United States Security and Exchange Commission (S.E.C) as they sought to explain their untimely report. The true picture of the firm was revealed after an external audit was conducted by Ernest & Young who revealed serious internal control failures over financial reporting. The company’s spokeswoman also blamed the poor internal controls for being the cause of lack of accuracy in the accounts. The company experienced a number of failures which led to a decrease in the earnings per share of its stock from 12 cents per share to 8 cents per share. As the company expanded, many internal control initially set up were not followed accordingly. Some specific inte rnal control failures include inability to regulate the percentage discounts on each coupon as the demand for its services increased (Graham, 2011). The firm failed to monitor its sales as well as to keep track of its financial records. Some coupons could be sold at a loss leading to insufficient funds for the firms operations. Some firms terminated their contracts with Groupon as its shares began to decrease in value leading to a decline in its customer base. Before its Initial Public Offer, the firm introduced new protocols in its accounting procedures in a bid to paint an attractive picture to its prospective investors without checking the new system’s accuracy and reliability. In that case, there was no smooth transition between the old and the new accounting protocols and as a result some old systems were still in use. Specific solution There are several steps that the auditors of Groupon would have taken in order to avoid such failures in the internal control systems. F irst, there was a need to involve all stakeholders including its customers, shareholders and employees so as to seek their opinion before introducing any change in the internal controls. This would have assisted in improving and maintaining the trust of its employees and customers thus contributing in making them feel part of the firm. The main challenge with this approach is that it requires a lot of time to undertake as well as resources (Whittington, 2012). The second approach is to adopt the use external and more independent auditors after the internal auditors have done their part. This is however costly but a firm in the

Industrial Raw Materials Resources Essay Example for Free

Industrial Raw Materials Resources Essay Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Considering Political problems and Economic growth and Development of the Country, The Nuclear Power Plant should be the most appropriate for Nigeria. Due to the factors above, and concentrating on the abundance of Natural Resources of the Country (presence of Natural water bodies), I’ll recommend for Nigeria, the Hydropower as source of energy. This is due to the fact that construction of newer Dams in specific locations with higher Water bodies will bring about job opportunity, Encouragement of Agriculture (in the area of irrigation), Fish rearing amongst others. And also, low cost of maintenance, compared to nuclear power Plants. HOW TO GENERATE HYDROPOWER ENERGY Hydro-electricity, or hydro-power, is usually generated by turbines in a dam in a river. The dam means that a great body of water builds up in the river valley behind the dam. This is released through the turbines when electricity is needed. Smaller than dams are barrages across the mouths of rivers which capture water from high tides and release it to generate electricity. Smaller still are turbines in river and tidal streams which do the same thing. MODE OF OPERATION According to Wood and Wollenberg (1996) and Batut and Renaud (1992), the complexity of hydropower plant operation is so high that so far there are no unique principles devised for their management that could be applicable in  all situations. The reasons for that are: The inflow of water into hydropower plants depends upon a series of parameters that are difficult to forecast, so the plants have to adapt quickly to the actual situation, Water is a resource that is not used only for electricity generation, but also for water supply, melioration and other purposes, Hydropower plant operation is coupled with numerous limitations related to the environmental protection, valuable objects in the vicinity of the storages and Watercourses etc. The role of hydropower plants in the electricity generation and transmission system often dictates their dynamic operation (relatively frequent starts and shutdowns of their operation). The main source of uncertainty in planning of development of an electricity generation and Transmission system is the stochastic nature of availability of the units in thermal-power plants, as well as the water inflow into hydropower plants. The value of 95% is assumed as the limit for the probability of the fulfillment of the demanded electricity generation plan, because the design of an electricity generation and transmission system that would have the probability of fulfillment of electricity generation plan equal to 100%, would be economically unjustified, (Milić, 2000). The greatest influence upon the fulfillment of the electricity generation plan has the usable discharge of the water flow, while the key factors regarding the fulfillment of the Demands related to power are rated discharge, head and, particularly, the size of the hydropower plant storage. Hydropower plants also have a great significance regarding the attaining of a stable operation of the electricity generation and transmission system. This is valid particularly for the formation of the operating reserve (covering of all non-planned ceases of electricity generation in the system before the start of the cold reserve) and a part of the cold reserve (covering of longer non-planned ceases of operation of the thermal-power plant units) in the system. ADVANTAGES †¢Does not depend on costs of uranium, oil, or other fuels †¢Pollution is rarely created †¢It doesnt require as many employees †¢It can be set up in many sizes †¢Stations can operate and run for long periods of time †¢Reduces greenhouse emissions †¢Relatively low maintenance costs †¢Can be used throughout the world †¢It is renewable †¢Hydroelectricity produces no gas emissions or waste. †¢Hydroelectric stations are inexpensive to operate. †¢Makes barely any pollution compare to other ways of creating electricity †¢Hydroelectric power is one of the most responsive (easy to start and stop) of any electric power generating source. †¢The conversion of the forces of water to electric energy can be up to 90 percent efficient. †¢Hydroelectric power produces no chemical or waste heat pollution. †¢Hydroelectric power plants require little maintenance. †¢Reservoir lakes can be used for recreation, and can provide considerable flood protection to downstream areas. †¢Groundwater reserves are increased by recharging from reservoirs. †¢Plants usually have an expected life span two to three times longer than conventional thermal power plants. †¢Hydroelectric installations can be used to breed fish and other aquatic products †¢It is more reliable than solar and wind power because water can be stored and there is more of it, more often. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at constant rate. †¢If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is high. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the water is released to produce electricity. †¢Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of electricity for many years / decades. †¢The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports  and leisure / pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right. †¢The lakes water can be used for irrigation purposes. †¢When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green house gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere. DISADVANTAGES †¢High investment costs †¢Dependent on precipitation †¢Sometimes messes up wildlife †¢Loss of fish species †¢Change in river or stream quality †¢Cost for construction †¢Hydroelectric power production require flooding of entire valleys and scenic areas. †¢Disrupts natural seasonal changes in he river, and ecosystems can be destroyed. †¢Ends flooding that help to clean out the silt in rivers, causing them to clog (Energy Laboratory). †¢The silt that usually flows down to the Beaches and Estuaries is block by the dam. †¢Studies show that the plant decay caused downstream of major dams produces as many greenhouse gasses as more conventional methods of producing electricity. †¢Dams are expensive to build, and due to drought may become useless, or produce much less power than originally planned. †¢A dam being build in Quebec will end up flooding an area as large as Switzerland (Energy Laboratory). †¢Dams can break in a massive flash flood †¢Construction costs of large-scale hydroelectric projects are high. †¢Damming rivers causes changes in ecological cycles and surrounding landscapes; self-regulating ecosystems are changed into ones that must be managed. †¢Sedimentation can progressively curtail a dams ability to store water and generate energy. †¢There are a limited number of feasible sites for large dams. †¢Damming can cause loss of land suitable for agriculture and recreation. †¢Drought can affect power production. †¢River channels downstream from dams are more susceptible to erosion. †¢A disadvantage of hydroelectric power stations is that it destroys wildlife and habitats of any creatures living in the area. †¢Dams are extremely  expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard. †¢The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to become profitable. †¢The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed. †¢People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead. †¢The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earths surface at its location. †¢Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding. †¢Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems between neighboring countries. †¢Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. E.g., the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from rising damp caused by the changing water table level. †¢Hydropower dams can damage the surrounding environment and alter the quality of the water by creating low dissolved oxygen levels, which impacts fish and the surrounding ecosystems. They also take up a great deal of space and can impose on animal, plant, and even human environments. †¢Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Upstream fish passage can be aided using fish ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Downstream fish passage is aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine. CONCLUSION. Hydropower as a renewable Energy, which can be built and also comes with a low level of maintenance and with the presence of water bodies as a Natural resource of Nigeria, it is advisable to have more and encourage construction  of Dams for Hydropower Energy.

Date Rape :: essays research papers

How many of you know someone who has had something stolen from them? How many of you know someone who has been held at gunpoint? How many of you know someone who has been date raped? You might and not even know about it. In 1985, Mary Koss, a professor at Kent State University, surveyed approximately 7,000 students on thirty-two campuses on behalf of Ms. magazine and found that one in eight women were the victims of rape. Experts estimate that as many as 90 percent of all rapes are never reported. But When you hear the word "rape," what do you think of? If you imagine a stranger jumping out of the bushes on a dark night and attacking someone, you are only partly right--because most rapes are not committed by strangers but by men who know their victims, who often have gone out with them previously and are supposedly their friends. Acquaintance rape is forced, unwanted intercourse with a person you know. It can be that cute neighbor, the blind date your friend set you up with, even your husband of boyfriend. The fact is, if you said no, it’s rape. Date rapes typically occur when a woman is alone with a man. If you go to a man's room or apartment or even get into his car alone, you are vulnerable. Date rapes can occur when others are relatively close by; for example, they can take place in an upstairs bedroom while fifty people are attending a party on the first floor. Alcohol and drugs are sometimes a significant factor in date rape. Many victims say later that they drank too much or took too many drugs to realize what was going on; by the time they realized their predicament, it was too late. Sometimes a woman passes out and awakens to find a man having sex with her. On the other hand, some date rapes occur when alcohol is not involved or when the victim has had little or nothing to drink but the man has been drinking and becomes sexually aggressive. Mixed signals are another element in date rape. The woman acts in a friendly manner; the man interprets this friendliness as an invitation to have sex. "No" is heard as "maybe" and even a strong protest can be ignored under the delusion that women say "no" when they mean "yes." Some men find it sexually exciting to have a woman struggle. If the woman protests only mildly, the man may think he is merely "persuading" her, not forcing her to have sex (He may think the

With reference to the case law on direct effect, critically discuss the extent to which this concept (direct effect) is an effective means of protecting an individual’s European Union Law rights.

Introduction Direct effect seeks to ensure that the rights of individuals are being protected under EU Law[1]. This is not always achievable since EU Law is generally only directly effective against national authorities. As such, individuals cannot usually invoke EU Law against other individuals unless the EU Law provisions are horizontally directly effective. This suggests that the concept of direct effect is not that effective in protecting an individual’s European Union Law rights. In light of recent case law, the courts are now using vertical direct effect as a way of invoking EU Law by demonstrating that the provisions give effect to general principles of EU law. This essay will critically discuss the extent to which individual rights are being protected by reviewing the case law in this area. European Union Law Parliamentary sovereignty renders Parliament the most supreme legal authority in the UK. The courts are unable to overrule any decisions made by Parliament and no Parliament is capable of passing laws that future Parliaments will be unable to change[2]. Since the UK’s entry into the European Union (EU) in 1972 and the implementation of the Human Rights Act 1998, the sovereignty of parliament has been significantly weakened. This is primarily due to the fact that EU Law has direct effect under the European Communities Act 1972. EU Law can be used to dis-apply acts of parliament and overturn previous decisions[3]. This protects individual rights by allowing them to use the direct effect principle to invoke EU Law. The principle of direct effect confers rights on individuals which all Member States must recognise and enforce and although the principle is not explicitly provided for under any of the Treaties of the EU, it has been recognised through various case law such as Van Ge nd en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration[4]. Here, it was made clear that in the event of a confliction between EU Law and national legislation, EU Law will always prevail. This decision recognised for the first time that the supremacy of the EU would always be upheld through the principle of direct effect. Direct Effect The decision in Van Gend en Loos focused upon the rights of individuals against the state and not against other individuals. This issue was subsequently addressed in Defrenne v SABENA[5] when it was noted that there exists two different types of direct effect; vertical and horizontal. The distinction between the two would depend upon the person or entity the right was being enforced against. Vertical direct effect is concerned with the relationship between EU Law and national law, whilst horizontal direct effect is concerned with the relationship between individuals[6]. It was identified in the case that if a particular provision of EU Law is horizontally directly effective, then individuals will be able to rely upon that provision to enforce EU Law against another individual. Although this is necessary in ensuring that the rights of individuals are being protected by all, there are only limited EU Law provisions that are horizontally directly effective. The rights of individuals may still be violated by other individuals and companies. This shows that the principle of direct effect may not always be an effective means of protecting an individual’s EU Law rights. Consequently, the principle is only effective when it comes to EU regulations and is not that effective when trying to enforce directives. This is due to the fact that directives are not generally given horizontal direct effect. The lack of directives that have horizontal direct effect was identified by AG Jacobs in Nicole Vaneetveld v Le Foyer SA[7] when he argued that there would exist greater legal certainty and a more coherent system â€Å"if the provisions of a Directive were held in appropriate circumstances to be directly enforceable against individuals†. Arguably, because directives do not always have horizontal direct effect, it cannot be said that the rights of individuals are being fully protected under EU law as violations can still occur. In Van Duyn v Home Office[8] the courts made it clear that vertical direct effect would apply to Directives if â€Å"individuals were prevented from taking it into consideration as an element of Community law†. In addition, it is declared under Article 249 EC (now Art 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) that Directives should be binding upon Member States, though the decision is left for the courts to decide based upon the particular facts and circumstances of the case. Individuals thus have the ability to invoke Directives before the courts, yet their rights cannot always be guaranteed. Furthermore, if the Directive is â€Å"sufficiently clear and precise, unconditional, leaving no room for discretion in implementation†[9] it is unlikely that the courts will be able to make a decision by weighing up the particular circumstances of the case. Only if a Directive is not sufficiently precise and deemed unworkable by the court, will national authorities be able to intervene. Essentially, it is evident that direct effect will not always apply to directives and as asserted by Tovey; â€Å"some policy decisions needed to be developed and articulated for Directives to be accorded direct effect†[10]. In Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching)[11] it was held that a Directive cannot be directly enforceable against individuals, however in Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein[12] it was signified that because Directives imposed obligations which were to achieve a desired result, they could be directly effective. Moreover, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratt[13] it was stated that Directives would not have direct effect if Member States had not implemented the Directive within the time allowed for its implementation. The conflicting case law decisions in this area are likely to cause confusion as to whether directives are capable of having direct effect, though it seems as though the decision will be made on a case by case basis. W hether this limits the protections under EU Law is likely as the provisions will not always be able to be invoked. Recent case law surrounding the direct effect of EU Law has prompted even more confusion. This is because, whilst the courts have made many attempts to reject extending horizontal direct effect to directives (Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl[14]), it is now questionable whether this is still the case since the decisions of Mangold v Helm[15] and Kucukdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG[16]. Individuals EU Law Rights In Mangold the court held that national courts were under a duty to adopt the provisions of a Directive and set aside conflicting national law even if the time limit for transposition had not yet expired. It seemed that a new principle was being established by the court as Directives were originally only capable of having direct effect after the transposition date. In Kucukdeveci it was held that although Directives did not have horizontal direct effect, they were not prepared to apply national legislation as this would infringe the individuals rights under EU Law. Instead, it was found that the principle of non-discrimination was a general principle of EU Law and that the national court was therefore under a duty to dis-apply national legislation that violated this principle. This case seemed to suggest that even when a directive is not horizontally directive effective, an individual can still invoke EU Law against another individual by applying the general principles of EU Law. The court in Re Honeywell[17] questioned whether the Mangold decision was ultra vires, yet because age discrimination fell within the competencies of EU Law, it was found that no new competencies had been created. Consequently, whilst it generally depends upon the nature of the case as to whether direct effect will be applicable, it is capable of being used as an effective means of protecting an individual’s rights whether this be via horizontal or vertical direct effect. The case law in this area suggests that if a Directive gives effect to general principles of EU law, national legislation which conflicts with the Directive must be dis-applied by national courts. Conclusion In light of recent case law decisions, the protection that is being afforded to individuals under EU Law is now more effective through the principle of direct effect than it ever was. Previously, if an EU Law provision did not have horizontal direct effect, individuals could not invoke EU Law against another individual such as their employer. This resulted in discriminatory treatment and prevented individuals from relying upon their rights under EU Law. Since Mangold and Kucukdeveci, individuals will be capable of invoking Directives that give effect to general principles of EU law against other individuals. Bibliography Text Books Alina Kaczorowska, European Union Law (Routledge 2013). John Fairhurst, Law of the European Union (Pearson Education, 2010). Lorna Woods and Phillipa Watson, Textbook on EU Law, (12th Edn, Oxford University Press, 2014). Nigel Foster, Foster on EU Law (OUP Oxford 2011) 219. Online Journal Articles Gwyn Tovey, ‘European Union Law’ (2011) EU Law and National Law, accessed 02 December 2014. Parliament, ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty’ (UK Parliament) accessed 01 December 2014 Case Law Defrenne v SABENA Case 2/74 [1974] ECR 631 Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein Case 9/70, [1970] ECR 825 Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl Case 91/92 [1995] All ER (EC) 1 Kucukdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG [2010] All ER (EC) 867) Mangold v Helm [2006] All ER (EC) 383 Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723 Nicole Vaneetveld v Le Foyer SA Case 316/93, [1994] ECR 1-793 290 Pubblico Ministero v Ratt Case 148/78, [1979] ECR 1629 Re Honeywell [2011] 1 CMLR 1067 Van Gend en Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration [1963] ECR 1

How Attitude Roles in Decision Making Essay

Before I can talk about the play role between attitude and buying decision process, let’s look at the definition of attitude first. Attitude is a relationship link between feeling and believes or a consumer’s thoughts and the response action. We can say that attitude is something that is in the people’s mind and the thought of a consumer’s openness towards the information received by each individual. The information received can be both positive and negative. As we can all see that attitude comprise of consumer’s thought which has an effect on the feeling and that feeling will express through the consumer’s acting. Now let’s see what it is means by decision making process. It is a process of choosing one or another way from all of the alternatives that a consumer has considered with. Normally, the final decision making would be the best and the most suitable alternative which helps consumer reaches their objective. Attitude is the important internal factor that shapes an individual choice. In addition, there are three factors that will lead to consumer’s behavior, which are predisposing factors, enabling factors and reinforcing factors. Predisposing factors comprise of knowledge, beliefs, values, cultures and, of course, attitude, which I will focus on. Moreover, attitude can be form by many ways. It may be through the learning process, the ability to distinguish the differences (which one is good or bad), imitate from others and experienced for each individual. These three factors influence a consumer’s behavior and it also effect the decision making of that particular consumer. For example, consumer has experienced that the expensive things always come together with the better quality products. And he believed in what is actually has happened to him in the past, called the cognitive component. So whenever he recognized the problem, like he want to buy a new bag (an opportunity recognition) and try to search for all the alternatives he is willing to buy or interested in, you will find out that all the alternatives are all the brand name bags with the high price. In another situation, a consumer may imitate an attitude of â€Å"being fat means ugly† from friends and society around her. So it may leads to the decision making by she is starting to recognize the problem by thinking that she is too fat and will classify herself as ugly person, called an affective component. Then what she will try to do next is the information search, both internal and external, about how she can reduce her weight and so on. So you can see that an attitude of a consumer, even though it comes from your society around you, can influence an individual’s decision making process easily. The function of attitudes may also role in the decision making process because it helps consumes to cope with their environments. One of the five functional theories of attitudes is social-adjustment function, which is a function occur when a society make an adjustment about something and it leads an individual consumer to develop the attitude toward it. For example, nowadays people are more concerned about the environmental in our society